Full Description

"These fish made chirping sounds as they pursued other fishes which entered their territories. This behavior was frequently observed during the period from January to June, 1964. The sound is a rapid series of short chirps, each about 0.15 seconds in duration, with as many as 14 chirps in a series. The frequency range of this sound was 50-2000 cps with the major energy in the 150-1200 cps band (Fig. 3). The occurrence of bicolor damselfish sounds is similar to that of longspine squirrelfish in that they occur principally in the daytime (Fig. 4)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"These fish made chirping sounds as they pursued other fishes which entered their territories."

Sound Name Quotes

"These fish made chirping sounds as they pursued other fishes which entered their territories."

Full Description

"The frog-like was the more common chorus sound, and it resembled an actual spring frog chorus. Frog sounds were mainly nocturnal and they occurred most frequently just after dusk and during the pre-dawn hours (Fig. 4). The correlation between frog sounds of high signal-to-noise ratio and the appearance of cowfish, Lactophrys quadricornis, near the hydrophones lead to the inference that these sounds were produced by cowfish, although no visible, specialized activity was observed when the sounds were heard. A typical frog sound had about L3 parts. The first seven or eight parts occurred in rapid succession unlike the last five or six whose repetition rate was slower. The initial pulses lasted about 0.08 s.econds with an interval between pulses of about 0.3 seconds (Fig. 3). The secondary pulses were approximately 0.14 seconds in duration and 0.6 seconds apart. Both kinds of pulses had a frequency range of 1000- 3400 cps, with the principal source of energy in the band from 1300-2300 cps. The occurrence of frog sounds nearly tripled in frequency when the hydrophones were moved into the sea grass area where cowfishes were more numerous."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Sound Name Quotes

"The frog-like was the more common chorus sound, and it resembled an actual spring frog chorus. Frog sounds were mainly nocturnal and they occurred most frequently just after dusk and during the pre-dawn hours (Fig. 4). The correlation between frog sounds of high signal-to-noise ratio and the appearance of cowfish, Lactophrys quadricornis, near the hydrophones lead to the inference that these sounds were produced by cowfish, although no visible, specialized activity was observed when the sounds were heard. A typical frog sound had about L3 parts. The first seven or eight parts occurred in rapid succession unlike the last five or six whose repetition rate was slower. The initial pulses lasted about 0.08 s.econds with an interval between pulses of about 0.3 seconds (Fig. 3)."

Full Description

"When chasing intruders away from its territory, the occupant produced a series of resonant pops resembling those from a Geiger counter near a radioactive source. Similar series, produced by motionless squirrelfish confronted by intruders, were followed by the intruder's rapid departure suggesting the possibility of interspecies communication by sound. These responses were observed on numerous occasions during the study by the authors, although it could not be determined if the same individual was involved. The sounds were similar to the rapid volleys of Holocentrus ascensionis, described by Moulton (1958), and the staccato calls of H. rufus, noted by Winn et ai. (1964). Our observations agree with those of Winn and his co-workers in that fin erection and dashing frequently accompanied sound production. Squirrelfish pops were produced individually at irregular intervals or in short series of 3 to 20 pulses. Individual pops were about 0:02 seconds in duration. The length of time between pops averaged 0.1 seconds. Among the squirrelfish sounds analyzed was a series of 19 pops which occurred in 2.0 seconds (Fig. 3). The frequency range was 20-2160 cps with most of the energy below 1800 cps. The pop-series of longspine squirrelfish occurred almost exclusively during the daylight hours (Fig. 4)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"When chasing intruders away from its territory, the occupant produced a series of resonant pops resembling those from a Geiger counter near a radioactive source."

Sound Name Quotes

"When chasing intruders away from its territory, the occupant produced a series of resonant pops resembling those from a Geiger counter near a radioactive source. "

" Squirrelfish pops were produced individually at irregular intervals or in short series of 3 to 20 pulses."

Full Description

"A second chorus-type sound resembled a ship's foghorn and it is thought to be produced by a species of the family Sciaenidae."

"This chorus makes a significant contribution to the ambient noise in the frequency range above 200 cps in the area of the hydrophones (Fig. 5). Schools of sand drum, Umbrina coroides, frequent the Bimini shore in the area of breaking waves."

"Croaker-like sounds are 0.61 seconds long and the frequency range is 700-1300 cps (Fig. 3)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Sound Name Quotes

"A second chorus-type sound resembled a ship's foghorn and it is thought to be produced by a species of the family Sciaenidae."

Full Description

"This fish produced pop-like sounds as each member of a pair"chased"the other in small circles. Occasional observations of this activity were made on UTV from July, 1963, to January, 1964. The sounds were of a hydrodynamic nature and they may have been produced by the rapid swimming movements of the two fish. They were 0.1 seconds in duration, with a frequency range of 150-4700 cps (Fig. 3). Most of the sound energy was below 3300 cps."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"This fish produced pop-like sounds as each member of a pair 'chased' the other in small circles. Occasional observations of this activity were made on UTV from July, 1963, to January, 1964. The sounds were of a hydrodynamic nature and they may have been produced by the rapid swimming movements of the two fish. They were 0.1 seconds in duration, with a frequency range of 150-4700 cps (Fig. 3). Most of the sound energy was below 3300 cps."

Sound Name Quotes

"This fish produced pop-like sounds as each member of a pair 'chased' the other in small circles. Occasional observations of this activity were made on UTV from July, 1963, to January, 1964. The sounds were of a hydrodynamic nature and they may have been produced by the rapid swimming movements of the two fish. They were 0.1 seconds in duration, with a frequency range of 150-4700 cps (Fig. 3). Most of the sound energy was below 3300 cps."

Full Description

"Another jack commonly observed in the area of the UTV was the blue runner, Caranx crysos, which was believed to produce a remarkable horn-like sound. This tentative identification was based upon the almost invariable occurrence of the sound with the appearance of schools of blue runners in pursuit of slippery dicks. Divers at the Institute of Marine Science reported hearing the sound from unidentified jacks. Horn-like sounds were most numerous during the morning and evening hours (Fig. 4)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Another jack commonly observed in the area of the UTV was the blue runner, Caranx crysos, which was believed to produce a remarkable horn-like sound. This tentative identification was based upon the almost invariable occurrence of the sound with the appearance of schools of blue runners in pursuit of slippery dicks. Divers at the Institute of Marine Science reported hearing the sound from unidentified jacks. Horn-like sounds were most numerous during the morning and evening hours (Fig. 4)."

Sound Name Quotes

"Another jack commonly observed in the area of the UTV was the blue runner, Caranx crysos, which was believed to produce a remarkable horn-like sound. This tentative identification was based upon the almost invariable occurrence of the sound with the appearance of schools of blue runners in pursuit of slippery dicks. Divers at the Institute of Marine Science reported hearing the sound from unidentified jacks. Horn-like sounds were most numerous during the morning and evening hours (Fig. 4)."

Full Description

"Two kinds of sounds were recorded from queen triggerfish. A crunching sound, probably from the teeth in contact with food, often occurred just after the fish picked up bottom material. This sound was irregular in repetition rate and well above the ambient noise level. In one of the analyses, single pulses were 0.1 seconds in duration, with the length of the series being 2.2 seconds (Fig. 3). The frequency components ranged from 1000 to about 2450 cps with most of the energy in the 1250-2350 cps band. The other sound was produced by a small queen triggerfish as it swam after intruding fishes, such as snowy groupers, Epinephelus niveatus, and slippery dicks, Halichoeres bivittatus. The triggerfish frequented the sound projector base and the authors observed this behavior on a number of occasions during a four-month period. The sound was a rattle, 1.41 seconds in duration, with individual pulses which lasted about 0.05 seconds (Fig. 3). In one analysis of the sound 11 pulses occurred in 2.4 seconds. The frequency range was 50-2200 cps with most of the energy below 1500 cps. Moulton (1958) observed B. vetula to produce a throbbing sound as the fish fluttered its pectoral fins in air against an area plated with large scales. In the same paper, Moulton reported this species to produce sounds by tooth plate stridulation with frequencies up to 8 kilocycles per second and with principal frequencies from 0.7 to 1.8 kcps and from 2.1 to 3.8 kcps. A large queen triggerfish at times was observed to excavate under the sound projector by lying on its side and fanning vigorously with its body. On these occasions, the small queen triggerfish often attacked the large one to the accompaniment of the rattle sounds."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"The other sound was produced by a small queen triggerfish as it swam after intruding fishes, such as snowy groupers, Epinephelus niveatus, and slippery dicks, Halichoeres bivittatus."

Sound Name Quotes

"Two kinds of sounds were recorded from queen triggerfish. A crunching sound, probably from the teeth in contact with food, often occurred just after the fish picked up bottom material. This sound was irregular in repetition rate and well above the ambient noise level. In one of the analyses, single pulses were 0.1 seconds in duration, with the length of the series being 2.2 seconds (Fig. 3)."

Full Description

"Slippery dicks were also observed to bury themselves in the UTV area when approached by jacks. The jacks made vicious attacks and engulfed their prey in one bite. During an attack, some jacks plunged their snouts into the sand and came up with slippery dicks which were quickly ingested. This behavior occurred most often during early morning and late afternoon observation periods. Burst-like pulses of sound were recorded as the bar jacks plunged into the bottom in pursuit of slippery dicks. This sound has a frequency range of 50-1350 cps with a duration of about 0.05 seconds (Fig. 3)."

"While rasping, the fish produced a stridulatory sound which appeared to originate with the moving contact of teeth upon hard material. Analyses of this sound showed it to be a series of pulses about 3.0 seconds long with each pulse lasting about 0.2 seconds. The frequency range of the rasp of the slippery dick was 50-2400 cps with most of the sound energy below 1700 cps (Fig. 3)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In April, 1963, the underwater television (UTV) camera, four 500 W floodlights, a sound projector, and three hydrophones were moved near a grass bed in the above area. Unless otherwise stated, information presented here was obtained in this general area. Prior to April, 1963, the submerged equipment was located about 150 yards south of the grass bed."

Sound Name Quotes

"While rasping, the fish produced a stridulatory sound which appeared to originate with the moving contact of teeth upon hard material. Analyses of this sound showed it to be a series of pulses about 3.0 seconds long with each pulse lasting about 0.2 seconds. The frequency range of the rasp of the slippery dick was 50-2400 cps with most of the sound energy below 1700 cps (Fig. 3)."