Full Description

"Sounds made by both species presented a peak frequency range (10th–90th percentiles) of 150–300 Hz centred at 200 Hz and with SPLs of about 130 dB re. 1 µPa at ca. 1 cm (Fig. 2, Table 2)"

"Courtship drums P. marmoratus. Drum duration (ms): 740.5 (560.8–894.6). Number of pulses: 18.6 (13.0–24.6). Pulse period (ms): 35.4 (32.0–41.4). Peak frequency (HZ): 221.4 (171.2–300.0). SPL (dB): 133 (127.7–136.2)* Measured for 15 sounds from only two males measuring 3.7 cm and 4.0 cm standard length (SL). Pomatoschistus marmoratus: courtship (N=3 males, 3–12 sounds per male, total no. of sounds=23)."Like other Gobiidae, males of these two species are polygynous, build nests under shells (Bouchereau et al., 2003), use low-frequency pulsed sounds to defend their breeding territories and to court the females, and have exclusive paternal care (Lugli and Torricelli, 1999; Amorim and Neves, 2007, 2008; Malavasi et al., 2008). In Pomatoschistus spp., courtship sounds are related to male quality and influence male reproductive success (Lindström and Lugli, 2000; Amorim et al., 2013; Pedroso et al., 2013)."

"Both the painted and the marbled gobies produced low-frequency sounds (drums) consisting of repeated fast-transient pulses with a characteristic temporal patterning (Fig. 2, Table 2). While painted goby males emitted sounds in both agonistic and courtship contexts, marbled goby males produced sounds only during mating, when the female approached the male and typically from inside the nest."

"Fig. 2. Courtship sounds made by marble goby males. Oscillogram, spectrogram and power spectrum [2048 points fast Fourier transform (FFT)] of a courtship drum made by a marble goby male. Sampling frequency 48 kHz, 512 points FFT for spectrogram and 2048 points FFT for power spectrum, 60% overlap, Hanning window."

"Sounds made by both species presented a peak frequency range (10th–90th percentiles) of 150–300 Hz centred at 200 Hz and with SPLs of about 130 dB re. 1 µPa at ca. 1 cm (Fig. 2, Table 2)."

"The peak frequency range of courtship sounds of both goby species, depicted by the grey rectangle, was above the AN spectra in most locations, especially when considering quiet moments (Fig. 4B), and fell within the low-frequency quiet region of Parede and Carcavelos beaches during loud events (Fig. 4A)."

"The painted and the marbled gobies made low-frequency pulsed courtship sounds with main energies (peak frequency range) between 150 and 300 Hz, and SPLs of about 130 dB re. 1 µPa at ca. 1 cm. The mating sound spectrum of these species is comparable to those of other goby species, which also present dominant frequencies below 300 Hz; exceptions are Zoosterisessor ophiocephalus and Gobiosoma bosci (reviewed in Lugli, 2015)."

"The amplitude of the mating sounds made by our study species (130 dB at ca. 1 cm) is similar to that of the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus (SPL range of 121–138 dB at <3 cm in ten fish ranging in SL from 45 to 54 mm; Lindström and Lugli, 2000), and likely louder than tonal sounds made by Padogobius bonelli (91– 101 dB at 5 cm measured in three males ranging in SL from 58 to 79 mm; Lugli and Fine, 2003)."

"Because of their low amplitude, goby sounds will attenuate to the background level even at shorter distances than for most other fishes (reviewed in Amorim et al., 2015), considering the same propagation conditions."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Fish from both species were captured with hand nets during low spring tides at Parede beach (38°41_N, 9°21_W) and by scuba diving in shallow waters in Arrábida (38°28_N, 8°58_W), Portugal. They were then brought to the laboratory and kept in small aquaria (24_24_32 cm, ca. 18 l)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Like other Gobiidae, males of these two species are polygynous, build nests under shells (Bouchereau et al., 2003), use low-frequency pulsed sounds to defend their breeding territories and to court the females, and have exclusive paternal care (Lugli and Torricelli, 1999; Amorim and Neves, 2007, 2008; Malavasi et al., 2008). In Pomatoschistus spp., courtship sounds are related to male quality and influence male reproductive success (Lindström and Lugli, 2000; Amorim et al., 2013; Pedroso et al., 2013)."

"Both the painted and the marbled gobies produced low-frequency sounds (drums) consisting of repeated fast-transient pulses with a characteristic temporal patterning (Fig. 2, Table 2). While painted goby males emitted sounds in both agonistic and courtship contexts, marbled goby males produced sounds only during mating, when the female approached the male and typically from inside the nest."

"Fig. 2. Courtship sounds made by marble goby males. Oscillogram, spectrogram and power spectrum [2048 points fast Fourier transform (FFT)] of a courtship drum made by a marble goby male. Sampling frequency 48 kHz, 512 points FFT for spectrogram and 2048 points FFT for power spectrum, 60% overlap, Hanning window."

Sound Name Quotes

"Both the painted and the marbled gobies produced low-frequency sounds (drums) consisting of repeated fast-transient pulses with a characteristic temporal patterning (Fig. 2, Table 2)."

"Like other Gobiidae, males of these two species are polygynous, build nests under shells (Bouchereau et al., 2003), use low-frequency pulsed sounds to defend their breeding territories and to court the females, and have exclusive paternal care (Lugli and Torricelli, 1999; Amorim and Neves, 2007, 2008; Malavasi et al., 2008). In Pomatoschistus spp., courtship sounds are related to male quality and influence male reproductive success (Lindström and Lugli, 2000; Amorim et al., 2013; Pedroso et al., 2013)."

"Both the painted and the marbled gobies produced low-frequency sounds (drums) consisting of repeated fast-transient pulses with a characteristic temporal patterning (Fig. 2, Table 2). While painted goby males emitted sounds in both agonistic and courtship contexts, marbled goby males produced sounds only during mating, when the female approached the male and typically from inside the nest."