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Tricas, Timothy C.
Boyle, Kelly S.
Marine Ecology Progress Series
2014
511
1–16
10.3354/meps10930
0171-8630
English
Select Fish:
Detection
Species Identified
Sound Detected
Examination Types
Morphophysiological
Auditory
Visual
Sound Types Detected
Active
Passive Feeding
Other Passive
No information available
Full Description
"Brief pulsed sounds of average peak frequency from 200 to 556 Hz were recorded during agonistic (and courtship) behaviors primarily directed toward conspecifics for the orangeband surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus, the Hawaiian bristletooth Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis, the goldring bristletooth surgeonfish C. strigosus, and the yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens (Table S2)."
"A long pulse sound that was of longer duration (120 ms) than the single pulse (30 ms) was recorded for a single C. hawaiiensis."
Observation Environment Quotes
"Acoustic behaviors of fish were recorded at Puako Reef on the island of Hawai’i (19.93° N, 155.86° W) during the spring and summer of 2008 and 2009."
"We also obtained some fish sounds at Papawai Bay in Kona, Hawai’i (19.64° N, 156.02° W), and the outer reefs of Kaneohe Bay and Honolulu on the island of Oahu."
Behaviour Description Quotes
"Brief pulsed sounds of average peak frequency from 200 to 556 Hz were recorded during agonistic (and courtship) behaviors primarily directed toward conspecifics for the orangeband surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus, the Hawaiian bristletooth Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis, the goldring bristletooth surgeonfish C. strigosus, and the yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens (Table S2). ' Double check with Table S2.
Sound Name Quotes
"Brief pulsed sounds of average peak frequency from 200 to 556 Hz were recorded during agonistic (and courtship) behaviors primarily directed toward conspecifics for the orangeband surgeonfish Acanthurus olivaceus, the Hawaiian bristletooth Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis, the goldring bristletooth surgeonfish C. strigosus, and the yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens (Table S2). "
Observation Environments
Wild
Behaviour Descriptions
Aggression/Antagonistic
Agonistic
Courtship
Sound Names
Pulse
Included Diagrams
Table
"A pulse disturbance sound was recorded from the forcepsfish Forcipiger flavissimus, which showed the highest recorded peak frequency (840 Hz) of any butterflyfish vigilance sound."
"A pulse disturbance sound was recorded from the forcepsfish Forcipiger flavissimus, which showed the highest recorded peak frequency (840 Hz) of any butterflyfish vigilance sound.' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
Patrolling (synonym)
Disturbance
"Large groups of ~3 to 20 epaulette soldierfish Myripristis kuntee formed stationary and relatively inactive aggregations over the coral reef bottom and produced sounds when approached by divers or large predatory fish (e.g. carangids). Knock pulses (Fig. 5A) were usually first produced by the fish nearest to the diver (identified by the coincident erection of the dorsal fin or turning behavior) followed by more knock sounds from other individuals as they moved towards shelter. The grunt (Fig. 5B) and staccato sounds were produced more intermittently. Similar acoustic vigilance responses were observed for the soldierfish M. berndti and M. amaena, which inhabit caves or reef shelters during the day."
"Large groups of ~3 to 20 epaulette soldierfish Myripristis kuntee formed stationary and relatively inactive aggregations over the coral reef bottom and produced sounds when approached by divers or large predatory fish (e.g. carangids). Knock pulses (Fig. 5A) were usually first produced by the fish nearest to the diver (identified by the coincident erection of the dorsal fin or turning behavior) followed by more knock sounds from other individuals as they moved towards shelter. The grunt (Fig. 5B) and staccato sounds were produced more intermittently. Similar acoustic vigilance responses were observed for the soldierfish M. berndti and M. amaena, which inhabit caves or reef shelters during the day.' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
Grunt Thump
Growl
Staccato
"Large schools of yellowfin goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis and the yellowstripe goatfish M. flavolineatus were frequently encountered on the reef, but only 1 poorquality pulse sound was recorded for the latter species."
Aggregations
"Recurrent sounds associated with reproductive activities were identified for the island goatfish Parupeneus insularis and manybar goatfish P. multifasciatus (Table S2) primarily near peak and outgoing tides. Males of both species produced lowfrequency single pulse and train sounds during courtship chases of females (Fig. 3F). Single and train sound events within these 2 species were similar in duration (p = 0.38, Mann-Whitney U-test, U = 5.0, n = 3 and 6, respectively, for P. insularis; p = 0.62, t-test, t = _0.53, df = 6 for P. multifasciatus) and peak frequency (p = 0.71, Mann-Whitney U = 7.0, n = 3 and 6, respectively, for P. insularis; p = 0.88, t = 0.156, df = 6 for P. multifasciatus). Male P. multifasciatus also produced a courtship high-frequency single pulse sound (Fig. 3G) which was of very short average duration (18 ms) and of higher peak frequency (833 Hz) than the other pulsed sounds (139 Hz) recorded for this species (p < 0.001, t = 8.80, df = 8)."
"Recurrent sounds associated with reproductive activities were identified for the island goatfish Parupeneus insularis and manybar goatfish P. multifasciatus (Table S2) primarily near peak and outgoing tides. Males of both species produced lowfrequency single pulse and train sounds during courtship chases of females (Fig. 3F). Single and train sound events within these 2 species were similar in duration (p = 0.38, Mann-Whitney U-test, U = 5.0, n = 3 and 6, respectively, for P. insularis; p = 0.62, t-test, t = _0.53, df = 6 for P. multifasciatus) and peak frequency (p = 0.71, Mann-Whitney U = 7.0, n = 3 and 6, respectively, for P. insularis; p = 0.88, t = 0.156, df = 6 for P. multifasciatus). Male P. multifasciatus also produced a courtship high-frequency single pulse sound (Fig. 3G) which was of very short average duration (18 ms) and of higher peak frequency (833 Hz) than the other pulsed sounds (139 Hz) recorded for this species (p < 0.001, t = 8.80, df = 8).' Double check with Table S2.
Reproduction
The species name used by the author(s) was Cantherines dumerilii.
"The barred filefish Cantherines dumerilii also produced an audible scrape sound (Fig. 4E) when feeding on live coral Pocillopora spp. but was of very low peak frequency (35 Hz)."
Scrape
Spectrogram
"The flame angel Centropyge loriculus and bandit angelfish Apolemichthys arcuatus produced similar short pulse sounds when approached by divers, but these were rare."
"The flame angel Centropyge loriculus and bandit angelfish Apolemichthys arcuatus produced similar short pulse sounds when approached by divers, but these were rare.' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
"Single pulse and train sounds were produced by white saddle goatfish Parupeneus porphyreus that foraged in groups of <5 individuals and larger non-feeding schools over the reef."
"Single pulse and train sounds were produced by white saddle goatfish Parupeneus porphyreus that foraged in groups of <5 individuals and larger non-feeding schools over the reef.' Double check with Table S2.
"Three sound types were produced by males of both the Hawaiian sergeant Abudefduf abdominalis and the Indo-Pacific sergeant A. vaigiensis that establish breeding (sometimes heterospecific) colonies. Two sounds produced during agonistic encounters with conspecific and heterospecific individuals were the aggressive short pulse (Agg12) identified by 1 to 2 pulses per sound and longer pulse trains (Agg>2) identified by >2 pulses as reported by Maruska et al. (2007). A new agonistic high-frequency pulse sound (Fig. 2C) was of much shorter duration (18_23 ms) and higher peak frequency (805_1162 Hz) but was not produced in pulse trains."
"Three sound types were produced by males of both the Hawaiian sergeant Abudefduf abdominalis and the Indo-Pacific sergeant A. vaigiensis that establish breeding (sometimes heterospecific) colonies. Two sounds produced during agonistic encounters with conspecific and heterospecific individuals were the aggressive short pulse (Agg12) identified by 1 to 2 pulses per sound and longer pulse trains (Agg>2) identified by >2 pulses as reported by Maruska et al. (2007). A new agonistic high-frequency pulse sound (Fig. 2C) was of much shorter duration (18_23 ms) and higher peak frequency (805_1162 Hz) but was not produced in pulse trains.' Double check with Table S2.
Territorial
"We recorded several new vigilance sounds from blue-lined squirrelfish Sargocentron tiere found under exposed ledges or within small spaces of the reef (Table S2, Fig. 5C_E). The growl sound was of relatively long duration (395 ms) and had a mean peak frequency of 202 Hz. The grunt occurred as a single pulse with a shorter mean duration (74 ms) but similar peak frequency (191 Hz). The knock sound was produced as a train of pulses with a peak frequency of 387 Hz."
"We recorded several new vigilance sounds from blue-lined squirrelfish Sargocentron tiere found under exposed ledges or within small spaces of the reef (Table S2, Fig. 5C_E). The growl sound was of relatively long duration (395 ms) and had a mean peak frequency of 202 Hz. The grunt occurred as a single pulse with a shorter mean duration (74 ms) but similar peak frequency (191 Hz). The knock sound was produced as a train of pulses with a peak frequency of 387 Hz. ' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
Knock
"Three species of planktivorous damselfish produced pulsed sounds when approached by divers near the reef substrate (Table S2). Single pulses of similar duration (154_186 ms) and low peak frequency (27_35 Hz) were recorded for the oval chromis C. ovalis, and threespot chromis C. verater. A high frequency vigilance pulse produced by the chocolate-dip chromis C. hanui was also of short duration (22 ms) but higher peak frequency (1012 Hz)."
"Three species of planktivorous damselfish produced pulsed sounds when approached by divers near the reef substrate (Table S2). Single pulses of similar duration (154_186 ms) and low peak frequency (27_35 Hz) were recorded for the oval chromis C. ovalis, and threespot chromis C. verater. A high frequency vigilance pulse produced by the chocolate-dip chromis C. hanui was also of short duration (22 ms) but higher peak frequency (1012 Hz).' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
"The loud thump-like pulse sound produced during agonistic chases among black triggerfish Melichthys niger was of relatively short duration (68 ms) and low peak frequency (86 Hz). In contrast, the rasp-like pulse sound was of longer duration (319 ms) and higher peak frequency (313 Hz; Fig. 2G)."
"Sounds were produced during benthic feeding by filefish and triggerfish. The black triggerfish M. niger produced a scrape sound when feeding on hard benthic substrates (Fig. 4D) that was of relative short duration (63 ms) but of high peak frequency (3973 Hz) similar to parrotfish feeding."
"Sounds were produced during benthic feeding by filefish and triggerfish. The black triggerfish M. niger produced a scrape sound when feeding on hard benthic substrates (Fig. 4D) that was of relative short duration (63 ms) but of high peak frequency (3973 Hz) similar to parrotfish feeding. ' Double check with Table S2.
Chase
Rasp
"Three previously reported sounds (Lobel & Mann 1995, Mann & Lobel 1998) were recorded for the Hawaiian dascyllus D. albisella. The ‘signal jump’ was produced by courting males and the mate/visit sound during visits and spawning by females at the coral nest site. The aggressive pulse was indistinguishable from the signal jump, so these 2 sounds were pooled in our analysis (Table S2)."
"Three previously reported sounds (Lobel & Mann 1995, Mann & Lobel 1998) were recorded for the Hawaiian dascyllus D. albisella. The ‘signal jump’ was produced by courting males and the mate/visit sound during visits and spawning by females at the coral nest site. The aggressive pulse was indistinguishable from the signal jump, so these 2 sounds were pooled in our analysis (Table S2).' Double check with Table S2.
Spawning
Mating
"We recorded pulse sounds produced by species in schools or aggregations near the reef. The bicolor anthias Pseudanthias bicolor and bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira formed schools at depths >20 m that produced infrequent short pulse sounds (Table S2)."
"We recorded pulse sounds produced by species in schools or aggregations near the reef. The bicolor anthias Pseudanthias bicolor and bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira formed schools at depths >20 m that produced infrequent short pulse sounds (Table S2).' Double check with Table S2.
"We also recorded pulse sounds during conspecific agonistic interactions in the pyramid butterflyfish Hemitaurichthys polylepis, but these aggressive sounds were more frequently associated with disturbance and reproductive behaviors (described below)."
"The planktivorous pyramid butterflyfish H. polylepis was not acoustically active during daytime feeding in the water column. However, late in the afternoon on some days, males established courtship territories on the bottom (>15 m deep) that they defended from other males and that were visited by pre-spawn females (identified by their swollen abdomen filled with hydrated eggs). During these interactions, males produced loud single and train pulse sounds as recently reported (Boyle & Tricas 2011). Further analyses showed that these sounds (peak frequency = 144_147 Hz) are produced as either discrete pulses (84 ms duration) or blended pulses that have no interpulse separation (186 ms duration; Table S2)."
"Overall, there was a narrow peak frequency range for single pulse, pulse train, and blended pulse sounds (144_ 170 Hz) produced by both species of Hemitaurichthys."
"The planktivorous pyramid butterflyfish H. polylepis was not acoustically active during daytime feeding in the water column. However, late in the afternoon on some days, males established courtship territories on the bottom (>15 m deep) that they defended from other males and that were visited by pre-spawn females (identified by their swollen abdomen filled with hydrated eggs). During these interactions, males produced loud single and train pulse sounds as recently reported (Boyle & Tricas 2011). Further analyses showed that these sounds (peak frequency = 144_147 Hz) are produced as either discrete pulses (84 ms duration) or blended pulses that have no interpulse separation (186 ms duration; Table S2). ' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
"The coral-feeding multiband butterflyfish Chaetodon multicinctus and the ornate butterflyfish C. ornatissimus produced brief pulse sounds 36 to 56 ms in duration with average peak frequency between 184 and 346 Hz during agonistic encounters with conspecifics and reproductive activities (described below) (Table S2, Fig. 2B)."
"We recorded a pulse sound during courtship by a pair of ornate butterflyfish C. ornatissimus (Fig. 3A) which was similar to their agonistic sound (described above)."
"The coral-feeding multiband butterflyfish Chaetodon multicinctus and the ornate butterflyfish C. ornatissimus produced brief pulse sounds 36 to 56 ms in duration with average peak frequency between 184 and 346 Hz during agonistic encounters with conspecifics and reproductive activities (described below) (Table S2, Fig. 2B). "
"We recorded a pulse sound during courtship by a pair of ornate butterflyfish C. ornatissimus (Fig. 3A) which was similar to their agonistic sound (described above).' Double check with Table S2.
The species name used by the author(s) was Gymnothorax melagris.
The species name used by the author(s) was Naso litturatus.
"We also observed sounds from the larger congener, the saber squirrelfish S. spiniferum, but poor recording quality precluded analysis."
"Located in 'Vigilance behavior - response to divers or predators' section .Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
Unreported/Undetermined
The species name used by the author(s) was Sufflamen frenatum.
"The coral-feeding multiband butterflyfish Chaetodon multicinctus and the ornate butterflyfish C. ornatissimus produced brief pulse sounds 36 to 56 ms in duration with average peak frequency between 184 and 346 Hz during agonistic encounters with conspecifics and reproductive activities (described below) (Table S2, Fig. 2B). ' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
The species name used by the author(s) was Apogon kallopterus.
The species name used by the author(s) was Pseudocheilnus evanidus.
"The peacock grouper Cephalopholis argus, which occurred at depths of approximately 5 to 25 m, produced loud, low peak frequency (104 Hz) pulse sounds and trains during agonistic interactions with conspecifics (Fig. 2A)."
"The peacock grouper Cephalopholis argus, which occurred at depths of approximately 5 to 25 m, produced loud, low peak frequency (104 Hz) pulse sounds and trains during agonistic interactions with conspecifics (Fig. 2A).' Double check with Table S2.
"The more solitary Sammara Neoniphon sammara and goldlined N. aurolineatus squirrelfish produced loud pulsed growls, grunts, knocks or staccato sounds. Growl sounds consisted of a rapid series of contiguous pulses that decreased in rate over time. On several occasions, additional sounds were recorded after alert and vocalizing N. sammara or Myripristis entered the reef with other holocentrids, but the source of those sounds could not be confirmed."
"Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
The species name used by the author(s) was Pseudocheilnus tetrataenia.
"Average duration of feeding sound scrapes for these species ranged from 87 to 181 ms, and were of relatively high peak frequency (1277_ 3387 Hz) and broad bandwidth. Note that a single bite usually produced interrupted sound waveforms presumably caused by motion of the teeth over small irregularities in the substrate. These feeding sounds showed the highest frequency spectrum (max. bandwidth quartile range = 6157_8860 Hz, Table S2) of all sounds recorded in this study."
The species name used by the author(s) was Stegastes marginatus.
"Very similar pulse and half pulse sounds (Fig. 2F) were recorded for the Hawaiian gregory Stegastes marginatus that defends algal turf feeding and breeding territories (Table S2)."
"Very similar pulse and half pulse sounds (Fig. 2F) were recorded for the Hawaiian gregory Stegastes marginatus that defends algal turf feeding and breeding territories (Table S2).' Double check with Table S2.
"The lei triggerfish Sufflamen bursa readily produced pulsed sounds when engaged in agonistic chases, territory defense, and nest-guarding behaviors (by females) and occurred as single pulses or pulse trains (9.8 + 2.8 SE pulses train_1; Fig. 2H) with a peak frequency of 583 Hz."
"Pulse train sounds were recorded for the lei triggerfish S. bursa (previously described in agonistic behaviors) and a single pulse sound for the gilded triggerfish X. auromarginatus when some fish were approached by divers."
"The lei triggerfish Sufflamen bursa readily produced pulsed sounds when engaged in agonistic chases, territory defense, and nest-guarding behaviors (by females) and occurred as single pulses or pulse trains (9.8 + 2.8 SE pulses train_1; Fig. 2H) with a peak frequency of 583 Hz. "
"Pulse train sounds were recorded for the lei triggerfish S. bursa (previously described in agonistic behaviors) and a single pulse sound for the gilded triggerfish X. auromarginatus when some fish were approached by divers.' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
"Pulsed sounds and trains were recorded during agonistic chases with conspecifics for the male bird wrasse Gomphosus varius and the male bullethead parrotfish Chlorurus spilurus (Table S2) and are described below in the section on reproductive behaviors."
"Large terminal-phase male bullethead parrotfish C. spilurus establish feeding territories with female harems along the reef slope at ≥20 m depth. Males produced distinct sounds associated with both aggressive chases of other males and during reproductive behaviors with females (Table S2). Loud, single low-frequency pulses were of relatively long duration (252 ms) compared to those produced in trains (45 ms; Fig. 3E) but were of similar peak frequency (111 vs. 137 Hz, respectively). Similar sounds were recorded during spawning events high in the water column, but we were unable to analyze spawning sounds due to poor signal to noise ratios."
"Average duration of feeding sound scrapes for these species ranged from 87 to 181 ms, and were of relatively high peak frequency (1277_ 3387 Hz) and broad bandwidth. Note that a single bite usually produced interrupted sound waveforms presumably caused by motion of the teeth over small irregularities in the substrate. These feeding sounds showed the highest frequency spectrum (max. bandwidth quartile range = 6157_8860 Hz, Table S2) of all sounds recorded in this study.' Double check with Table S2.
"Several single pulse and train event sounds were recorded during reproductive behaviors of the bird wrasse G. varius and the saddle wrasse Thalassoma duperrey (Table S2). Single pulse I sounds (Fig. 3B) were produced by both species during courtship and spawning behaviors and discriminated by their relatively long duration (57_85 ms) compared to the shorter pulse II sound (11_28 ms) that was recorded only during courtship (per Boyle & Cox 2009). Both pulse types were also produced in trains (Fig. 3C) that were of similar peak frequency and pulse duration as single pulses (Table S2). One courting G. varius male produced a unique buzz sound that lasted for 141 ms and had a peak frequency of 371 Hz (Fig. 3D), but this acoustic behavior was very rare. Our recordings of male T. duperrey in courtship also identified a new blended pulse I sound that lacked clear interpulse intervals."
"Several single pulse and train event sounds were recorded during reproductive behaviors of the bird wrasse G. varius and the saddle wrasse Thalassoma duperrey (Table S2). Single pulse I sounds (Fig. 3B) were produced by both species during courtship and spawning behaviors and discriminated by their relatively long duration (57_85 ms) compared to the shorter pulse II sound (11_28 ms) that was recorded only during courtship (per Boyle & Cox 2009). Both pulse types were also produced in trains (Fig. 3C) that were of similar peak frequency and pulse duration as single pulses (Table S2). One courting G. varius male produced a unique buzz sound that lasted for 141 ms and had a peak frequency of 371 Hz (Fig. 3D), but this acoustic behavior was very rare. Our recordings of male T. duperrey in courtship also identified a new blended pulse I sound that lacked clear interpulse intervals.' Double check with Table S2.
"The planktivorous and territorial gilded triggerfish Xanthichthys auromarginatus produced pulses of relatively short duration (58 ms) and 287 Hz peak frequency primarily in trains during chases with conspecifics (Fig. 2I)."
The species name used by the author(s) was Pseudocheilnus octotaenia.
"We evoked aggressive sounds from the normally shy coralfeeding blue-eye damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus by placement of a coral-feeding multiband butterflyfish Chaetodon multicinctus within a glass bottle near the territory."
"The most prolific production of agonistic sounds was observed in the territorial blue-eye damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus. These coral-feeders produced single pulse and train sounds directed towards neighboring conspecifics and when experimentally evoked by introduction of a bottled coralfeeding multiband butterflyfish C. multicinctus near their territory (Table S2). The single pulse sound was of short duration (33 ms) with a peak frequency of 284 Hz and is similar in characteristics with the pulses produced in a pulse train (Fig. 2D). We also recorded 2 growl sound types, which occurred as a series of contiguous pulses of much longer event duration (125_403 ms) and higher peak frequency (125_403 Hz) than the half pulse sound. The growl 1 sound had a rapid regular pulse-emission rate and pulse amplitude, whereas the growl 2 sound (Fig. 2E) had more variable pulse emission rates and pulse amplitudes. A half pulse sound waveform was identified by a distinctive single, strong, and rapid negative peak followed by a slower positive half cycle. Half pulses were of similar short duration (40 ms) to single pulses but were lower in peak frequency (49 Hz; p = 0.024, t-test, t = _3.0, df = 6)."
"We evoked aggressive sounds from the normally shy coralfeeding blue-eye damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus by placement of a coral-feeding multiband butterflyfish Chaetodon multicinctus within a glass bottle near the territory. "
"The most prolific production of agonistic sounds was observed in the territorial blue-eye damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus. ' Double check with Table S2.
Buzz
"The Moorish idol Zanclus cornutus produced sounds during aggressive interactions and during apparent courtship behaviors (Table S2). These included both single pulsed sounds and trains that ranged from 30 to 102 ms in duration and peak frequencies from 176 to 520 Hz."
"Similar but infrequent courtship and agonistic sounds were recorded from the Moorish idol Z. cornutus and several acanthurids (described above, Table S2): the orangeband surgeonfish A. olivaceus (Fig. 3H), the Hawaiian bristletooth C. hawaiiensis, the goldring bristletooth C. strigosus, and the yellow tang Z. flavescens (Table S2)."
"The Moorish idol Zanclus cornutus produced sounds during aggressive interactions and during apparent courtship behaviors (Table S2). These included both single pulsed sounds and trains that ranged from 30 to 102 ms in duration and peak frequencies from 176 to 520 Hz. "
" Similar but infrequent courtship and agonistic sounds were recorded from the Moorish idol Z. cornutus and several acanthurids (described above, Table S2): the orangeband surgeonfish A. olivaceus (Fig. 3H), the Hawaiian bristletooth C. hawaiiensis, the goldring bristletooth C. strigosus, and the yellow tang Z. flavescens (Table S2). ' Double check with Table S2.
" Similar but infrequent courtship and agonistic sounds were recorded from the Moorish idol Z. cornutus and several acanthurids (described above, Table S2): the orangeband surgeonfish A. olivaceus (Fig. 3H), the Hawaiian bristletooth C. hawaiiensis, the goldring bristletooth C. strigosus, and the yellow tang Z. flavescens (Table S2)."
"In contrast, high numbers of sounds were recorded during the pronounced reproductive activity of Z. flavescens at the Puako study site where hundreds or thousands of fish formed widespread aggregations above the deep reef slope (Table S2). Individual females with hydrated eggs were approached and courted by males, and then spawned in a rapid upward spawning rush often with several males. We identified short pulse sounds associated with spawning (Fig. 3I) and courtship (Fig. 3J) behaviors which were of similar duration (40_42 ms) and peak frequency (274_349 Hz; Table S2), but we were not able to confirm whether sounds were made by males, females, or both sexes. We also observed a longer and more variable ‘collision’ pulse sound that occurred during fast movements of fish in small groups as they engaged in agonistic and spawning interactions (Table S2), and assume that this sound was caused by the physical impact of the bodies of individual fish."
" In contrast, high numbers of sounds were recorded during the pronounced reproductive activity of Z. flavescens at the Puako study site where hundreds or thousands of fish formed widespread aggregations above the deep reef slope (Table S2). Individual females with hydrated eggs were approached and courted by males, and then spawned in a rapid upward spawning rush often with several males. We identified short pulse sounds associated with spawning (Fig. 3I) and courtship (Fig. 3J) behaviors which were of similar duration (40_42 ms) and peak frequency (274_349 Hz; Table S2), but we were not able to confirm whether sounds were made by males, females, or both sexes. We also observed a longer and more variable ‘collision’ pulse sound that occurred during fast movements of fish in small groups as they engaged in agonistic and spawning interactions (Table S2), and assume that this sound was caused by the physical impact of the bodies of individual fish. ' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
"Short pulse sounds were produced by the multiband butterflyfish C. multicinctus (indistinguishable from the agonistic sound), the pyramid butterflyfish H. polylepis (similar to the courtship sound), and Thompson’s butterflyfish H. thompsoni."
The species name used by the author(s) was Zebrasoma veiliferum.
"Large groups of ~3 to 20 epaulette soldierfish Myripristis kuntee formed stationary and relatively inactive aggregations over the coral reef bottom and produced sounds when approached by divers or large predatory fish (e.g. carangids). Knock pulses (Fig. 5A) were usually first produced by the fish nearest to the diver (identified by the coincident erection of the dorsal fin or turning behavior) followed by more knock sounds from other individuals as they moved towards shelter. The grunt (Fig. 5B) and staccato sounds were produced more intermittently."
"Large groups of ~3 to 20 epaulette soldierfish Myripristis kuntee formed stationary and relatively inactive aggregations over the coral reef bottom and produced sounds when approached by divers or large predatory fish (e.g. carangids). Knock pulses (Fig. 5A) were usually first produced by the fish nearest to the diver (identified by the coincident erection of the dorsal fin or turning behavior) followed by more knock sounds from other individuals as they moved towards shelter. The grunt (Fig. 5B) and staccato sounds were produced more intermittently. ' Double check with Table S2. Vigilance synonym of Patrolling
"Pulse train sounds were recorded for threespot chromis Chromis verater during agonistic interactions with a conspecific and the ‘aggressive’ sound (Mann & Lobel 1998) produced during agonistic chases by the Hawaiian dascyllus Dascyllus albisella (Table S2)."Three species of planktivorous damselfish produced pulsed sounds when approached by divers near the reef substrate (Table S2). Single pulses of similar duration (154_186 ms) and low peak frequency (27_35 Hz) were recorded for the oval chromis C. ovalis, and threespot chromis C. verater. A high frequency vigilance pulse produced by the chocolate-dip chromis C. hanui was also of short duration (22 ms) but higher peak frequency (1012 Hz)."
"Pulse train sounds were recorded for threespot chromis Chromis verater during agonistic interactions with a conspecific and the ‘aggressive’ sound (Mann & Lobel 1998) produced during agonistic chases by the Hawaiian dascyllus Dascyllus albisella (Table S2)."
Aggression/Antagonistic (cited)
The species name used by the author(s) was Parupeneus chrysostomus.
"A unique pulse sound of very brief duration (7 ms) and the highest high peak frequency (3609 Hz) recorded in this study was produced by the blacklip butterflyfish C. kleinii during interactions with conspecifics."
"A unique pulse sound of very brief duration (7 ms) and the highest high peak frequency (3609 Hz) recorded in this study was produced by the blacklip butterflyfish C. kleinii during interactions with conspecifics. ' [Inside 'Agonistic behaviors - aggresion and defense' section] Double check with Table S2.