Full Description

"Black drum [Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)] and toadfish (Opsanus sp.) dominated the nocturnal acoustic scene, but calls of other identified [e.g., red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766); silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacépède, 1802)] and unidentified calling species also occur."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Using passive acoustic recording units deployed in the nearshore waters off Georgia and eastern Florida, we evaluated the nocturnal acoustic habits of fishes and examined how the sounds from nocturnal fish chorusing contribute to the overall soundscape. We examined long-term spectrograms for spatial and temporal patterns of fish calling."

Full Description

"Black drum [Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)] and toadfish (Opsanus sp.) dominated the nocturnal acoustic scene, but calls of other identified [e.g., red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766); silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacépède, 1802)] and unidentified calling species also occur."

"Chorusing sounds from red drum [Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)] were evident in short-term spectrograms during January and February at the FL sites (Fig. 6), but were not apparent in long-term spectrograms (Fig. 3)."

"There were crepuscular and nocturnal choruses of red drum visible at several sites (Fig. 6). Red drum appeared to start their seasonal chorusing earlier in the late winter/early spring, and for a shorter period of time than black drum. There was also occasional temporal overlap between red drum and black drum chorusing events."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Using passive acoustic recording units deployed in the nearshore waters off Georgia and eastern Florida, we evaluated the nocturnal acoustic habits of fishes and examined how the sounds from nocturnal fish chorusing contribute to the overall soundscape. We examined long-term spectrograms for spatial and temporal patterns of fish calling."

Sound Name Quotes

"Chorusing sounds from red drum [Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766)] were evident in short-term spectrograms during January and February at the FL sites (Fig. 6), but were not apparent in long-term spectrograms (Fig. 3)."

Full Description

"Black drum [Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)] and toadfish (Opsanus sp.) dominated the nocturnal acoustic scene, but calls of other identified [e.g., red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766); silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacépède, 1802)] and unidentified calling species also occur."

"Figure 2. (A) A 24-hr spectrogram from 7 April on FL-N. The black drum and toadfish choruses are clearly visible. The fundamental frequency, and upper harmonics are labeled (F0, 2F0, 3F0, respectively). The scale bar indicates the sound level in dB (re: 1 µPa). (B) Equivalent sound levels (Leq) from day (gray, 10:00–15:00 hrs) and night (black, 18:00–24:00 hrs) periods from 24- hr spectrogram in (A) showing nocturnal differences in sound level. The black drum harmonic peaks from (corresponding to panel A) are labeled, but the toadfish harmonics are not readily visible."

"Black drum produce a distinctive, low-frequency, high-amplitude call that can be heard in marine and estuarine habitats across the US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts (Mok and Gilmore 1983, Locascio and Mann 2011b, Tellechea et al. 2011), which has a fundamental frequency of approximately 70–90 Hz and a duration of approximately 0.2 s. Black drum form spawning aggregations and chorus for extended periods throughout the evening. In a LTSA, this chorusing activity is evident as increased energy in the 60–100, 120–200, and 250– 350 frequency bands (Fig. 2)."

"Starting at the beginning of January in the FL-S unit (Fig. 3E), the seasonal chorus of black drum began, and continued through the nights over the remainder of the survey period, occasionally becoming more intense. The black drum chorus followed a regular nocturnal pattern, as the fish called for 4–8 hrs each night (Figs. 2B, 4A). These chorusing events were the dominant sound source in the 75–200 Hz frequency band, with the harmonic content visible in the upper three quartiles of acoustic energy within the spectrum (Fig. 4B). This geographical comparison of long-term spectrograms showed the temporal variation in the seasonal onset of reproductive activity for black drum populations."

"The nocturnal chorus of black drum is the dominant sound source (including biological, environmental, and anthropogenic sounds), across diel periods, seasons, and locations. Both the LTSA and acoustic index data showed the consistent seasonal nocturnal trends in acoustic scenes that are strongly driven by black drum chorusing. There was considerable geographic variation in the seasonality of nocturnal black drum chorusing behavior. Both the Florida locations showed that drum chorusing started 2 mo before the Georgia locations (Fig. 5A)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Using passive acoustic recording units deployed in the nearshore waters off Georgia and eastern Florida, we evaluated the nocturnal acoustic habits of fishes and examined how the sounds from nocturnal fish chorusing contribute to the overall soundscape. We examined long-term spectrograms for spatial and temporal patterns of fish calling."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Black drum form spawning aggregations and chorus for extended periods throughout the evening. In a LTSA, this chorusing activity is evident as increased energy in the 60–100, 120–200, and 250– 350 frequency bands (Fig. 2)."

Sound Name Quotes

"Figure 2. (A) A 24-hr spectrogram from 7 April on FL-N. The black drum and toadfish choruses are clearly visible. The fundamental frequency, and upper harmonics are labeled (F0, 2F0, 3F0, respectively). The scale bar indicates the sound level in dB (re: 1 µPa). (B) Equivalent sound levels (Leq) from day (gray, 10:00–15:00 hrs) and night (black, 18:00–24:00 hrs) periods from 24- hr spectrogram in (A) showing nocturnal differences in sound level. The black drum harmonic peaks from (corresponding to panel A) are labeled, but the toadfish harmonics are not readily visible."

" Black drum produce a distinctive, low-frequency, high-amplitude call that can be heard in marine and estuarine habitats across the US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts (Mok and Gilmore 1983, Locascio and Mann 2011b, Tellechea et al. 2011), which has a fundamental frequency of approximately 70–90 Hz and a duration of approximately 0.2 s. Black drum form spawning aggregations and chorus for extended periods throughout the evening. In a LTSA, this chorusing activity is evident as increased energy in the 60–100, 120–200, and 250– 350 frequency bands (Fig. 2)."