Full Description

"We evoked sound production in Carapus acus and Carapus mourlani by adding several individuals to a tank with a single host and found that their sounds differ substantially from the sounds emitted by other carapids in pulse length, peak frequency and sharpness of tuning (Q3 dB). Unlike the other carapids, C. mourlani and C. acus produce shorter and less repetitive sounds and do not produce sounds when they enter their host."

"Carapus acus produced sounds when the fish swam in the aquarium without any discernable interactions between fishes. Sounds were not produced during or after penetration of the host. Sounds were composed of a single pulse of 12– 13 peaks (Fig. 3D) with an average duration of 34.8 ms. Peak frequency was 341 ± 4.05 Hz, and most sound energy ranged from about 250 to 1600 Hz (Fig. 3B). Q3 dB averaged 8 ± 1.32."

Observation Environment Quotes

"We evoked sound production in Carapus acus and Carapus mourlani by adding several individuals to a tank with a single host and found that their sounds differ substantially from the sounds emitted by other carapids in pulse length, peak frequency and sharpness of tuning (Q3 dB). Unlike the other carapids, C. mourlani and C. acus produce shorter and less repetitive sounds and do not produce sounds when they enter their host."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"The spawning period appears to occur from July to September in C. acus but is unknown for C. mourlani (Trott and Olney 1986). Fish were recorded in June, and the short pulses were produced close to the assumed reproductive period."

Sound Name Quotes

"Carapus acus produced sounds when the fish swam in the aquarium without any discernable interactions between fishes. Sounds were not produced during or after penetration of the host. Sounds were composed of a single pulse of 12– 13 peaks (Fig. 3D) with an average duration of 34.8 ms. Peak frequency was 341 ± 4.05 Hz, and most sound energy ranged from about 250 to 1600 Hz (Fig. 3B). Q3 dB averaged 8 ± 1.32."

Full Description

"We evoked sound production in Carapus acus and Carapus mourlani by adding several individuals to a tank with a single host and found that their sounds differ substantially from the sounds emitted by other carapids in pulse length, peak frequency and sharpness of tuning (Q3 dB). Unlike the other carapids, C. mourlani and C. acus produce shorter and less repetitive sounds and do not produce sounds when they enter their host."

"Carapus mourlani produced single- and double-pulsed calls when competing for access to the oral aperture of the sea star. However, no sound was recorded once different fishes were in the host. Single pulses (Fig. 3) had an average duration of 15.5 ± 5 ms (mean ± SD) and contained 11–20 peaks (mean ± SD, 16 ± 5). Peak frequency was 638 ± 167 Hz (Fig. 3A), and most sound energy ranged from about 570 to 1000 Hz. Q3 dB averaged 4 ± 3. Each unit of the double pulse (Fig. 3C) appeared to consist of an initial and a later energy peak: the sound amplitude built up, decayed and then increased to a second although smaller set of peaks within a pulse. Double pulses had an average duration of 54.4 ± 2.1 ms, and an interpulse interval of 9.26 ± 2.2 ms. Each pulse ranged from 16.2 to 29.3 ms (mean ± SD, 22 ± 4.2) and contained 10–20 peaks (mean ± SD, 16 ± 5). Peak frequency was 765 ± 124 Hz, and most sound energy ranged from about 210 to 1070 Hz. Q3 dB averaged 4 ± 1.38. However, the pulses of both calls differed significantly only in their pulse length (P < 0.005). Therefore double pulses appeared to be a repetition of the single pulse (Fig. 3C)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"We evoked sound production in Carapus acus and Carapus mourlani by adding several individuals to a tank with a single host and found that their sounds differ substantially from the sounds emitted by other carapids in pulse length, peak frequency and sharpness of tuning (Q3 dB). Unlike the other carapids, C. mourlani and C. acus produce shorter and less repetitive sounds and do not produce sounds when they enter their host."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Carapus mourlani produced single- and double-pulsed calls when competing for access to the oral aperture of the sea star. However, no sound was recorded once different fishes were in the host."

Sound Name Quotes

"Carapus mourlani produced single- and double-pulsed calls when competing for access to the oral aperture of the sea star. However, no sound was recorded once different fishes were in the host. Single pulses (Fig. 3) had an average duration of 15.5 ± 5 ms (mean ± SD) and contained 11–20 peaks (mean ± SD, 16 ± 5). Peak frequency was 638 ± 167 Hz (Fig. 3A), and most sound energy ranged from about 570 to 1000 Hz. Q3 dB averaged 4 ± 3. Each unit of the double pulse (Fig. 3C) appeared to consist of an initial and a later energy peak: the sound amplitude built up, decayed and then increased to a second although smaller set of peaks within a pulse. Double pulses had an average duration of 54.4 ± 2.1 ms, and an interpulse interval of 9.26 ± 2.2 ms. Each pulse ranged from 16.2 to 29.3 ms (mean ± SD, 22 ± 4.2) and contained 10–20 peaks (mean ± SD, 16 ± 5). Peak frequency was 765 ± 124 Hz, and most sound energy ranged from about 210 to 1070 Hz. Q3 dB averaged 4 ± 1.38. However, the pulses of both calls differed significantly only in their pulse length (P < 0.005). Therefore double pulses appeared to be a repetition of the single pulse (Fig. 3C)."