Full Description

"In this paper breeding sounds are described in three Mediterranean sand-gobies—Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso), P. canestrini (Ninni) and Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga)—inhabiting shallow lagoons and estuaries in the upper Adriatic."

"Those emitted by K. panizzae were detected when the female stayed at the nest entrance, and her belly touched, or was very close to, the head of the male hidden beneath the shell, but they ceased when she moved away from the nest. Courtship was followed by spawning in three pairs of P. marmoratus and in one of K. panizzae."

"Where oviposition was observed, male sounds were confined to the first 30–290 s of spawning, when the female stayed uninterruptedly in the nest. No sound was ever detected when the male courted the female outside the nest, in either species. Since vocalizations were emitted only during interactions at the nest but not during oviposition, they were termed prespawning sounds."

"Sounds emitted by K. panizzae could be detected clearly only when the hydrophone was 1–2 cm from the male, The sound pressure levels (dBSPL re 1 ìPa, peak-to-peak values) of the best recordings (hydrophone at ƒ1 cm from the male and high signal-to-noise ratio) were c. 140–150 dB, for Pomatoschistus, and 120– 130 dB, for Knipowitschia. The acoustic structure of the sound was similar in the three species (Fig. 1): trains of low-frequency, oscillatory pulses repeated at a fairly constant rate. The number of pulses varied from two to three to more than 50. Sound sequences were often bursts of pulse trains separated by highly variable pauses (Fig. 1), so that establishing the end of one pulse train and the beginning of the next sound was subjective. Pulses from the best recordings by male Pomatoschistus had similar waveforms [Fig. 1(b)] and spectral features (Table I), suggesting a similar sound producing mechanism in the two species; however, pulses from the single P. canestrini male were repeated at a faster rate, shorter than those of P. marmoratus [Fig. 1(b); Table I]."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In the laboratory, fishes were sexed by breeding coloration and ripeness (Gandolfi et al., 1982), and by inspection of the genital papilla (Miller, 1984), and their total length measured to the nearest mm. Females were housed, singly or in groups, in suitable storage tanks. Males were housed individually in small polycarbonate aquarium tanks (38#20#24 cm), each provided with a layer of sand on the bottom, one water filter, and suitable shelters to be used as nest sites."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"In this paper breeding sounds are described in three Mediterranean sand-gobies—Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso), P. canestrini (Ninni) and Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga)—inhabiting shallow lagoons and estuaries in the upper Adriatic. "

"Where oviposition was observed, male sounds were confined to the first 30–290 s of spawning, when the female stayed uninterruptedly in the nest. No sound was ever detected when the male courted the female outside the nest, in either species. Since vocalizations were emitted only during interactions at the nest but not during oviposition, they were termed prespawning sounds."

Sound Name Quotes

"Table I. Characteristics of pulses emitted by the three study species from the best recordings (a maximum of three pulses was selected for each sound); the pulse period of P. marmoratus compared across males (n=5) by one-way ANOVA showed significant individual differences (F4,45=13·4, P<0·001)"

"The acoustic structure of the sound was similar in the three species (Fig. 1): trains of low-frequency, oscillatory pulses repeated at a fairly constant rate. The number of pulses varied from two to three to more than 50. Sound sequences were often bursts of pulse trains separated by highly variable pauses (Fig. 1), so that establishing the end of one pulse train and the beginning of the next sound was subjective."

Full Description

"In this paper breeding sounds are described in three Mediterranean sand-gobies—Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso), P. canestrini (Ninni) and Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga)—inhabiting shallow lagoons and estuaries in the upper Adriatic."

"Specifically, sounds in Pomatoschistus were detected only when both partners were in the nest."

"Courtship was followed by spawning in three pairs of P. marmoratus and in one of K. panizzae."

"Where oviposition was observed, male sounds were confined to the first 30–290 s of spawning, when the female stayed uninterruptedly in the nest. No sound was ever detected when the male courted the female outside the nest, in either species. Since vocalizations were emitted only during interactions at the nest but not during oviposition, they were termed prespawning sounds."

"Sounds emitted by K. panizzae could be detected clearly only when the hydrophone was 1–2 cm from the male, The sound pressure levels (dBSPL re 1 ìPa, peak-to-peak values) of the best recordings (hydrophone at ƒ1 cm from the male and high signal-to-noise ratio) were c. 140–150 dB, for Pomatoschistus, and 120– 130 dB, for Knipowitschia. The acoustic structure of the sound was similar in the three species (Fig. 1): trains of low-frequency, oscillatory pulses repeated at a fairly constant rate. The number of pulses varied from two to three to more than 50. Sound sequences were often bursts of pulse trains separated by highly variable pauses (Fig. 1), so that establishing the end of one pulse train and the beginning of the next sound was subjective. Pulses from the best recordings by male Pomatoschistus had similar waveforms [Fig. 1(b)] and spectral features (Table I), suggesting a similar sound producing mechanism in the two species; however, pulses from the single P. canestrini male were repeated at a faster rate, shorter than those of P. marmoratus [Fig. 1(b); Table I]."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In the laboratory, fishes were sexed by breeding coloration and ripeness (Gandolfi et al., 1982), and by inspection of the genital papilla (Miller, 1984), and their total length measured to the nearest mm. Females were housed, singly or in groups, in suitable storage tanks. Males were housed individually in small polycarbonate aquarium tanks (38#20#24 cm), each provided with a layer of sand on the bottom, one water filter, and suitable shelters to be used as nest sites."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"In this paper breeding sounds are described in three Mediterranean sand-gobies—Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso), P. canestrini (Ninni) and Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga)—inhabiting shallow lagoons and estuaries in the upper Adriatic. "

"Where oviposition was observed, male sounds were confined to the first 30–290 s of spawning, when the female stayed uninterruptedly in the nest. No sound was ever detected when the male courted the female outside the nest, in either species. Since vocalizations were emitted only during interactions at the nest but not during oviposition, they were termed prespawning sounds."

Sound Name Quotes

"Table I. Characteristics of pulses emitted by the three study species from the best recordings (a maximum of three pulses was selected for each sound); the pulse period of P. marmoratus compared across males (n=5) by one-way ANOVA showed significant individual differences (F4,45=13·4, P<0·001)"

"The acoustic structure of the sound was similar in the three species (Fig. 1): trains of low-frequency, oscillatory pulses repeated at a fairly constant rate. The number of pulses varied from two to three to more than 50. Sound sequences were often bursts of pulse trains separated by highly variable pauses (Fig. 1), so that establishing the end of one pulse train and the beginning of the next sound was subjective."

Full Description

"In this paper breeding sounds are described in three Mediterranean sand-gobies—Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso), P. canestrini (Ninni) and Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga)—inhabiting shallow lagoons and estuaries in the upper Adriatic."

"Specifically, sounds in Pomatoschistus were detected only when both partners were in the nest."

"Courtship was followed by spawning in three pairs of P. marmoratus and in one of K. panizzae."

"Where oviposition was observed, male sounds were confined to the first 30–290 s of spawning, when the female stayed uninterruptedly in the nest. No sound was ever detected when the male courted the female outside the nest, in either species. Since vocalizations were emitted only during interactions at the nest but not during oviposition, they were termed prespawning sounds."

"Sounds emitted by K. panizzae could be detected clearly only when the hydrophone was 1–2 cm from the male, The sound pressure levels (dBSPL re 1 ìPa, peak-to-peak values) of the best recordings (hydrophone at ƒ1 cm from the male and high signal-to-noise ratio) were c. 140–150 dB, for Pomatoschistus, and 120– 130 dB, for Knipowitschia. The acoustic structure of the sound was similar in the three species (Fig. 1): trains of low-frequency, oscillatory pulses repeated at a fairly constant rate. The number of pulses varied from two to three to more than 50. Sound sequences were often bursts of pulse trains separated by highly variable pauses (Fig. 1), so that establishing the end of one pulse train and the beginning of the next sound was subjective. Pulses from the best recordings by male Pomatoschistus had similar waveforms [Fig. 1(b)] and spectral features (Table I), suggesting a similar sound producing mechanism in the two species; however, pulses from the single P. canestrini male were repeated at a faster rate, shorter than those of P. marmoratus [Fig. 1(b); Table I]."

Observation Environment Quotes

"In the laboratory, fishes were sexed by breeding coloration and ripeness (Gandolfi et al., 1982), and by inspection of the genital papilla (Miller, 1984), and their total length measured to the nearest mm. Females were housed, singly or in groups, in suitable storage tanks. Males were housed individually in small polycarbonate aquarium tanks (38#20#24 cm), each provided with a layer of sand on the bottom, one water filter, and suitable shelters to be used as nest sites."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"In this paper breeding sounds are described in three Mediterranean sand-gobies—Pomatoschistus marmoratus (Risso), P. canestrini (Ninni) and Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga)—inhabiting shallow lagoons and estuaries in the upper Adriatic. "

"Where oviposition was observed, male sounds were confined to the first 30–290 s of spawning, when the female stayed uninterruptedly in the nest. No sound was ever detected when the male courted the female outside the nest, in either species. Since vocalizations were emitted only during interactions at the nest but not during oviposition, they were termed prespawning sounds."

Sound Name Quotes

"Table I. Characteristics of pulses emitted by the three study species from the best recordings (a maximum of three pulses was selected for each sound); the pulse period of P. marmoratus compared across males (n=5) by one-way ANOVA showed significant individual differences (F4,45=13·4, P<0·001)"

"The acoustic structure of the sound was similar in the three species (Fig. 1): trains of low-frequency, oscillatory pulses repeated at a fairly constant rate. The number of pulses varied from two to three to more than 50. Sound sequences were often bursts of pulse trains separated by highly variable pauses (Fig. 1), so that establishing the end of one pulse train and the beginning of the next sound was subjective."