Full Description

"Three additional sounds were recorded in tanks holding multiple species, S. paucispinis, S. crocotulus, and S. levis. Common characteristics of all recorded rockfish sounds were low frequency (below 1000 Hz), short duration (<4 s), and relatively low source levels (103–113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m)."

"All four sounds had significantly different numbers of detections during different light conditions (Table 4)."

"The 115-FM sound was detected more often during the dark hours"

"The 115-FM type sound (Table 2) was recorded in the largest number of tanks (tanks 2, 4,and 5), indicating it is produced by S. paucispinis, but also by at least one other rockfish species. This sound was frequency modulated, and it was recorded both solitarily (Fig. 3A) and as a part of a longer sequence of variable moans that lasted up to 6 s. It was the most common sound recorded in tank 4, and it was detected 135 times in tanks 2 and 4."

"The 115- FM sound was produced by more than one species. This sound was produced by S. paucispinis and either S. levis or S. crocotulus, or both."

"The 125-IP sound (Table 2) was recorded during a quiet recording session (the pumps turned off) in tank 4 in January 2008. These were individual pulses, but occasionally they were repeated at an interval greater than 10 s (Fig. 3B)."

"Two additional sounds, 125-IP and 800-RP, were also produced by S. paucispinis, or they may have been produced by S. levis or S. crocotulus."

"The 800-RP was a sequence of repetitive pulses (Fig. 3C) that was observed only once in tank 4, but as it has characteristics typical of fish sounds, it is reported here. Its pulsing rate was 2 pulses/s, and it was the longest recorded sound (Table 3)."

"Generally, sounds produced by S. paucispinis and other rockfishes had frequencies lower than 1000 Hz and were short duration pulses, although longer moans occurred as well. The maximum estimated SL of the recorded sounds did not exceed 113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m, which is consistent with those previously reported for other fishes (Allen and Demer, 2003; Ladich and Myrberg, 2006; Wysocki, 2006)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"To determine if additional rockfish species produce sounds, passive acoustic recordings were made during 2007/08 at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute and Southwest Fisheries Science Center in tanks containing Bocaccio (S. paucispinis), Cowcod (S. levis), Starry Rockfish (S. constellatus), and Sunset Rockfish (S. crocotulus)."

Sound Name Quotes

"The 115-FM type sound (Table 2) was recorded in the largest number of tanks (tanks 2, 4,and 5), indicating it is produced by S. paucispinis, but also by at least one other rockfish species. This sound was frequency modulated, and it was recorded both solitarily (Fig. 3A) and as a part of a longer sequence of variable moans that lasted up to 6 s. It was the most common sound recorded in tank 4, and it was detected 135 times in tanks 2 and 4."

"The 115- FM sound was produced by more than one species. This sound was produced by S. paucispinis and either S. levis or S. crocotulus, or both."

"The 125-IP sound (Table 2) was recorded during a quiet recording session (the pumps turned off) in tank 4 in January 2008. These were individual pulses, but occasionally they were repeated at an interval greater than 10 s (Fig. 3B)."

"Two additional sounds, 125-IP and 800-RP, were also produced by S. paucispinis, or they may have been produced by S. levis or S. crocotulus."

"The 800-RP was a sequence of repetitive pulses (Fig. 3C) that was observed only once in tank 4, but as it has characteristics typical of fish sounds, it is reported here. Its pulsing rate was 2 pulses/s, and it was the longest recorded sound (Table 3)."

" Generally, sounds produced by S. paucispinis and other rockfishes had frequencies lower than 1000 Hz and were short duration pulses, although longer moans occurred as well. The maximum estimated SL of the recorded sounds did not exceed 113 dB re: 1 mPa at 1 m, which is consistent with those previously reported for other fishes (Allen and Demer, 2003; Ladich and Myrberg, 2006; Wysocki, 2006)."

Full Description

"Three distinct sounds were recorded in tanks containing only S. paucispinis and two of those sounds occurred at different rates during light and dark conditions. Their common characteristics were low frequency (below 800 Hz), short duration (<4 s), and low source levels (103–113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m)."

"During the almost 80 h of recording in tanks containing only S. paucispinis, three distinct sounds were identified. One sound was a stereotyped solitary pulse, while the other two sounds showed more variation and often occurred with other sounds. The stereotyped pulsing sound occurred commonly in tanks 4 and 5, and the other two sounds occurred frequently only in tank 5. The most frequently occurring sound in tanks containing only S. paucispinis (tanks 1 and 5) was 165-IP (Fig. 1A). It is a stereotypical pulse: short, individual, quiet, low frequency, and often occurring with harmonics (Table 2). The 265-FM sound (Fig. 1B) was a moan that was recorded in tank 5. It was of relatively short duration, and it had more variation in the frequency range than there was in the 165- IP sound (Table 2). It occurred solo and with other more variable moans of comparable frequencies. This sound had the highest average source level. The SB-AM sound (Fig. 2) consisted of a series of quick repetitive pulses with amplitude modulation throughout its duration (Table 3). This sound was followed at times by a second, shorter, and more slowly pulsing variation of the same sound. In a modified version, this sound occurred either simultaneously with a moan similar to 265-AM, at the beginning or the middle of the pulsing, or consisted of a single, shorter duration pulsing sequence with a smaller number of pulses. The call characteristics of this sound were measured only when the longer version of the sound occurred without interference from other sounds. The modified, short version of the SB-AM sound was recorded only once in tank 1, but the longer sound was detected 88 times in tank 5."

"The 115-FM type sound (Table 2) was recorded in the largest number of tanks (tanks 2, 4,and 5), indicating it is produced by S. paucispinis, but also by at least one other rockfish species. This sound was frequency modulated, and it was recorded both solitarily (Fig. 3A) and as a part of a longer sequence of variable moans that lasted up to 6 s. It was the most common sound recorded in tank 4, and it was detected 135 times in tanks 2 and 4."

"Three additional sounds were recorded in tanks holding multiple species, S. paucispinis, S. crocotulus, and S. levis. Common characteristics of all recorded rockfish sounds were low frequency (below 1000 Hz), short duration (<4 s), and relatively low source levels (103–113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m)."

"All four sounds had significantly different numbers of detections during different light conditions (Table 4)."

"Two S. paucispinis sounds, 265-FM and SB-AM, were more common in the dark"

"while one, 165-IP, was more common during light conditions"

"The 115-FM sound was detected more often during the dark hours"

"The 125-IP sound (Table 2) was recorded during a quiet recording session (the pumps turned off) in tank 4 in January 2008. These were individual pulses, but occasionally they were repeated at an interval greater than 10 s (Fig. 3B)."

"Two additional sounds, 125-IP and 800-RP, were also produced by S. paucispinis, or they may have been produced by S. levis or S. crocotulus."

"The 800-RP was a sequence of repetitive pulses (Fig. 3C) that was observed only once in tank 4, but as it has characteristics typical of fish sounds, it is reported here. Its pulsing rate was 2 pulses/s, and it was the longest recorded sound (Table 3)."

"Generally, sounds produced by S. paucispinis and other rockfishes had frequencies lower than 1000 Hz and were short duration pulses, although longer moans occurred as well. The maximum estimated SL of the recorded sounds did not exceed 113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m, which is consistent with those previously reported for other fishes (Allen and Demer, 2003; Ladich and Myrberg, 2006; Wysocki, 2006)."

"Since S. paucispinis is a diurnal fish, it was unexpected that more of their sounds (265-FM and SB-AM) were detected at night."

"An interesting feature of the SB-AM sound is the large variation in the pulse rate among individual calls."

"The SB-AM S. paucispinis sound reported here is very similar to the ‘motorboating’ sound reported by Thompson (1965) to have occurred in shallow water west of San Clemente Island in 1963. This is an indication that S. paucispinis produce this sound in their natural environment, and have been producing this sound for more than 40 years. Thompson (1965) also noted a strong diel occurrence of this sound, with higher rates during the night, which is consistent with our findings."

Observation Environment Quotes

"To determine if additional rockfish species produce sounds, passive acoustic recordings were made during 2007/08 at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute and Southwest Fisheries Science Center in tanks containing Bocaccio (S. paucispinis), Cowcod (S. levis), Starry Rockfish (S. constellatus), and Sunset Rockfish (S. crocotulus)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"The 265-FM sound was the sound with the largest bandwidth and could be aggressive. Also, as it occurred with the SB-AM sound of longer duration, the two could be a part of an aggressive– submissive interaction."

Sound Name Quotes

"During the almost 80 h of recording in tanks containing only S. paucispinis, three distinct sounds were identified. One sound was a stereotyped solitary pulse, while the other two sounds showed more variation and often occurred with other sounds. The stereotyped pulsing sound occurred commonly in tanks 4 and 5, and the other two sounds occurred frequently only in tank 5. The most frequently occurring sound in tanks containing only S. paucispinis (tanks 1 and 5) was 165-IP (Fig. 1A). It is a stereotypical pulse: short, individual, quiet, low frequency, and often occurring with harmonics (Table 2). The 265-FM sound (Fig. 1B) was a moan that was recorded in tank 5. It was of relatively short duration, and it had more variation in the frequency range than there was in the 165- IP sound (Table 2). It occurred solo and with other more variable moans of comparable frequencies. This sound had the highest average source level. The SB-AM sound (Fig. 2) consisted of a series of quick repetitive pulses with amplitude modulation throughout its duration (Table 3). This sound was followed at times by a second, shorter, and more slowly pulsing variation of the same sound. In a modified version, this sound occurred either simultaneously with a moan similar to 265-AM, at the beginning or the middle of the pulsing, or consisted of a single, shorter duration pulsing sequence with a smaller number of pulses. The call characteristics of this sound were measured only when the longer version of the sound occurred without interference from other sounds. The modified, short version of the SB-AM sound was recorded only once in tank 1, but the longer sound was detected 88 times in tank 5."

"The SB-AM S. paucispinis sound reported here is very similar to the ‘motorboating’ sound reported by Thompson (1965) to have occurred in shallow water west of San Clemente Island in 1963."

Full Description

"Three additional sounds were recorded in tanks holding multiple species, S. paucispinis, S. crocotulus, and S. levis. Common characteristics of all recorded rockfish sounds were low frequency (below 1000 Hz), short duration (<4 s), and relatively low source levels (103–113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m)."

"All four sounds had significantly different numbers of detections during different light conditions (Table 4)."

"The 115-FM sound was detected more often during the dark hours"

"The 115-FM type sound (Table 2) was recorded in the largest number of tanks (tanks 2, 4,and 5), indicating it is produced by S. paucispinis, but also by at least one other rockfish species. This sound was frequency modulated, and it was recorded both solitarily (Fig. 3A) and as a part of a longer sequence of variable moans that lasted up to 6 s. It was the most common sound recorded in tank 4, and it was detected 135 times in tanks 2 and 4."

"The 115- FM sound was produced by more than one species. This sound was produced by S. paucispinis and either S. levis or S. crocotulus, or both."

"The 125-IP sound (Table 2) was recorded during a quiet recording session (the pumps turned off) in tank 4 in January 2008. These were individual pulses, but occasionally they were repeated at an interval greater than 10 s (Fig. 3B)."

"Two additional sounds, 125-IP and 800-RP, were also produced by S. paucispinis, or they may have been produced by S. levis or S. crocotulus."

"The 800-RP was a sequence of repetitive pulses (Fig. 3C) that was observed only once in tank 4, but as it has characteristics typical of fish sounds, it is reported here. Its pulsing rate was 2 pulses/s, and it was the longest recorded sound (Table 3)."

"Generally, sounds produced by S. paucispinis and other rockfishes had frequencies lower than 1000 Hz and were short duration pulses, although longer moans occurred as well. The maximum estimated SL of the recorded sounds did not exceed 113 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m, which is consistent with those previously reported for other fishes (Allen and Demer, 2003; Ladich and Myrberg, 2006; Wysocki, 2006)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"To determine if additional rockfish species produce sounds, passive acoustic recordings were made during 2007/08 at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute and Southwest Fisheries Science Center in tanks containing Bocaccio (S. paucispinis), Cowcod (S. levis), Starry Rockfish (S. constellatus), and Sunset Rockfish (S. crocotulus)."

Sound Name Quotes

"The 115-FM type sound (Table 2) was recorded in the largest number of tanks (tanks 2, 4,and 5), indicating it is produced by S. paucispinis, but also by at least one other rockfish species. This sound was frequency modulated, and it was recorded both solitarily (Fig. 3A) and as a part of a longer sequence of variable moans that lasted up to 6 s. It was the most common sound recorded in tank 4, and it was detected 135 times in tanks 2 and 4."

"The 115- FM sound was produced by more than one species. This sound was produced by S. paucispinis and either S. levis or S. crocotulus, or both."

"The 125-IP sound (Table 2) was recorded during a quiet recording session (the pumps turned off) in tank 4 in January 2008. These were individual pulses, but occasionally they were repeated at an interval greater than 10 s (Fig. 3B)."

"Two additional sounds, 125-IP and 800-RP, were also produced by S. paucispinis, or they may have been produced by S. levis or S. crocotulus."

"The 800-RP was a sequence of repetitive pulses (Fig. 3C) that was observed only once in tank 4, but as it has characteristics typical of fish sounds, it is reported here. Its pulsing rate was 2 pulses/s, and it was the longest recorded sound (Table 3)."

" Generally, sounds produced by S. paucispinis and other rockfishes had frequencies lower than 1000 Hz and were short duration pulses, although longer moans occurred as well. The maximum estimated SL of the recorded sounds did not exceed 113 dB re: 1 mPa at 1 m, which is consistent with those previously reported for other fishes (Allen and Demer, 2003; Ladich and Myrberg, 2006; Wysocki, 2006)."

Full Description

"No sounds were recorded in the tank holding a single S. constellatus."

Observation Environment Quotes

"To determine if additional rockfish species produce sounds, passive acoustic recordings were made during 2007/08 at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute and Southwest Fisheries Science Center in tanks containing Bocaccio (S. paucispinis), Cowcod (S. levis), Starry Rockfish (S. constellatus), and Sunset Rockfish (S. crocotulus)."