Full Description

"During the breeding season, nestguarding midshipman males produce ‘‘hum’’ vocalizations in nocturnal choruses (Figure 1A; Movie S1) [20, 22, 25]. Within a larger repertoire of social context-dependent calls, hums function during courtship to attract females for spawning, advertising a male’s motivation to reproduce [3, 22]. Hums can last up to hours per call and are produced repetitively at night by contracting swim bladder muscles at ~ 100 Hz in 14 C–16 C seawater (Figure 1A)."

"Midshipman courtship hums exhibited daily rhythms (Figures 2A–2C) with a period of 23.93 ± 0.05 hr under LD (n = 10; Figure 2C)."

"Light regime (LD versus DD) had no effect on mean duration hummed per day (F(1,191.1) = 0.004, p = 0.95) (Figure 2E), number of hums produced per day (F(1,191.1) = 0.004, p = 0.95) (Figure 2F), or duration of single hums (F(1,10) = 0.34, p = 0.57) (Figure 2G), consistent with our previous study showing no significant effects of DD on neural excitability of the vocal circuit [30]."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Hums were continuously recorded from individual males with sole access to artificial nests in aquaria housed in a temperature-controlled room (Figure 1C)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"During the breeding season, nestguarding midshipman males produce ‘‘hum’’ vocalizations in nocturnal choruses (Figure 1A; Movie S1) [20, 22, 25]. Within a larger repertoire of social context-dependent calls, hums function during courtship to attract females for spawning, advertising a male’s motivation to reproduce [3, 22]. Hums can last up to hours per call and are produced repetitively at night by contracting swim bladder muscles at ~ 100 Hz in 14 C–16 C seawater (Figure 1A)."

"Midshipman courtship hums exhibited daily rhythms (Figures 2A–2C) with a period of 23.93 ± 0.05 hr under LD (n = 10; Figure 2C)."

Sound Name Quotes

"During the breeding season, nestguarding midshipman males produce ‘‘hum’’ vocalizations in nocturnal choruses (Figure 1A; Movie S1) [20, 22, 25]. Within a larger repertoire of social context-dependent calls, hums function during courtship to attract females for spawning, advertising a male’s motivation to reproduce [3, 22]. Hums can last up to hours per call and are produced repetitively at night by contracting swim bladder muscles at ~ 100 Hz in 14 C–16 C seawater (Figure 1A)."

"Hums were continuously recorded from individual males with sole access to artificial nests in aquaria housed in a temperature-controlled room (Figure 1C)."