Full Description

"The audition recording of the brown bullheads (Figure 6, top) exhibited characteristics similar to those of an unidentified barking sound recorded in 2003 at Tivoli Bays (Figure 6, bottom). The DF of the brown bullhead audition was 0.210 kHz (Figure 6D, top), whereas the DF of the unidentified barking sound was 0.175 kHz (Figure 6D, bottom). We note that the brown bullheads were captured and auditioned between 2030 and 2200 hours, whereas the barking sounds were recorded at 1915, 2030, and 2300 hours. Based on the similarity of these sounds recorded in captivity in 2004 and in the wild in 2003, we concluded that brown bullheads were the source of the unidentified barking sound."

"They found that brown bullheads produce sound during aggressive conspecific encounters. Rigley and Muir (1979) described a ratchetlike sound produced by the abduction and adduction of the pectoral fins in the pectoral girdle. The sounds were composed of short-duration pulses (mean duration _ 5 ms) and short interpulse intervals (mean duration _ 4 ms). The frequency of the sound was mainly under 0.2 kHz, but occasionally there was a second energy band between 0.4 and 0.6 kHz. These frequencies are similar to those we observed in our field audition and field recording of the species. We measured a mean DF of 0.210 kHz and a second energy band at 0.410 kHz for the auditioned sound (Figure 6D, top); a mean DF of 0.175 kHz and a second energy band at 0.400 kHz were measured in the field recording (Figure 6D, bottom)."

"However, in the field recording of the barking sound, we were able to determine a mean pulse duration of 1.7 ms and an interpulse interval of 1.2 ms. Thus, our recorded calls were considerably shorter in both pulse duration and interpulse interval than those recorded by Rigley and Muir (1979). We believe that the sounds produced during our audition of the brown bullheads were made because the fish were disturbed by confinement in the bucket."

"(A) waveform of three calls measured (V) over time (s); (B) sound spectrogram of one of the calls; (C) spectrogram of the three calls averaged over 2.608 s in the entire sound sequence from (A); and (D) average power spectrum of the three calls."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The purpose of this study was to catalog and identify types of underwater sounds in the Hudson River, New York. We recorded underwater sounds with an autonomous underwater listening system consisting of a hydrophone, digital sound recorder, and weatherproof housing. Approximately 164 h of recordings were made from two sites located along the Hudson River during 2003. "

"The sounds of two species, the brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were identified at the Tivoli Bays site through auditions of captured specimens (see below)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"They found that brown bullheads produce sound during aggressive conspecific encounters. Rigley and Muir (1979) described a ratchetlike sound produced by the abduction and adduction of the pectoral fins in the pectoral girdle. The sounds were composed of short-duration pulses (mean duration _ 5 ms) and short interpulse intervals (mean duration _ 4 ms). The frequency of the sound was mainly under 0.2 kHz, but occasionally there was a second energy band between 0.4 and 0.6 kHz. These frequencies are similar to those we observed in our field audition and field recording of the species. We measured a mean DF of 0.210 kHz and a second energy band at 0.410 kHz for the auditioned sound (Figure 6D, top); a mean DF of 0.175 kHz and a second energy band at 0.400 kHz were measured in the field recording (Figure 6D, bottom). "

"However, in the field recording of the barking sound, we were able to determine a mean pulse duration of 1.7 ms and an interpulse interval of 1.2 ms. Thus, our recorded calls were considerably shorter in both pulse duration and interpulse interval than those recorded by Rigley and Muir (1979). We believe that the sounds produced during our audition of the brown bullheads were made because the fish were disturbed by confinement in the bucket."

Sound Name Quotes

"The audition recording of the brown bullheads (Figure 6, top) exhibited characteristics similar to those of an unidentified barking sound recorded in 2003 at Tivoli Bays (Figure 6, bottom). The DF of the brown bullhead audition was 0.210 kHz (Figure 6D, top), whereas the DF of the unidentified barking sound was 0.175 kHz (Figure 6D, bottom). We note that the brown bullheads were captured and auditioned between 2030 and 2200 hours, whereas the barking sounds were recorded at 1915, 2030, and 2300 hours. Based on the similarity of these sounds recorded in captivity in 2004 and in the wild in 2003, we concluded that brown bullheads were the source of the unidentified barking sound."

"They found that brown bullheads produce sound during aggressive conspecific encounters. Rigley and Muir (1979) described a ratchetlike sound produced by the abduction and adduction of the pectoral fins in the pectoral girdle. The sounds were composed of short-duration pulses (mean duration _ 5 ms) and short interpulse intervals (mean duration _ 4 ms). The frequency of the sound was mainly under 0.2 kHz, but occasionally there was a second energy band between 0.4 and 0.6 kHz. These frequencies are similar to those we observed in our field audition and field recording of the species. We measured a mean DF of 0.210 kHz and a second energy band at 0.410 kHz for the auditioned sound (Figure 6D, top); a mean DF of 0.175 kHz and a second energy band at 0.400 kHz were measured in the field recording (Figure 6D, bottom). "

"However, in the field recording of the barking sound, we were able to determine a mean pulse duration of 1.7 ms and an interpulse interval of 1.2 ms. Thus, our recorded calls were considerably shorter in both pulse duration and interpulse interval than those recorded by Rigley and Muir (1979). We believe that the sounds produced during our audition of the brown bullheads were made because the fish were disturbed by confinement in the bucket."

Full Description

"Large silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were abundant at the Tivoli Bays NERR site during our sampling, and we suspect that they produced many of the long sequences of feeding sounds recorded at that location."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Large silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were abundant at the Tivoli Bays NERR site during our sampling, and we suspect that they produced many of the long sequences of feeding sounds recorded at that location."

Full Description

"Fine et al. (1996, 1997) state that the sounds produced by channel catfish contain groups of pulses that vary in frequency, amplitude, duration, and pulse pattern. This description closely matches the pattern we noted in the sound characteristics from our audition of channel catfish. Fine et al. (1996, 1997) recorded sound from 52 pond-raised specimens to determine the sound production mechanism. Fish were removed from holding pens or tanks, and their disturbance sounds were immediately recorded in air."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The purpose of this study was to catalog and identify types of underwater sounds in the Hudson River, New York. We recorded underwater sounds with an autonomous underwater listening system consisting of a hydrophone, digital sound recorder, and weatherproof housing. Approximately 164 h of recordings were made from two sites located along the Hudson River during 2003. "

"The sounds of two species, the brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were identified at the Tivoli Bays site through auditions of captured specimens (see below)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Fine et al. (1996, 1997) state that the sounds produced by channel catfish contain groups of pulses that vary in frequency, amplitude, duration, and pulse pattern. This description closely matches the pattern we noted in the sound characteristics from our audition of channel catfish. Fine et al. (1996, 1997) recorded sound from 52 pond-raised specimens to determine the sound production mechanism. Fish were removed from holding pens or tanks, and their disturbance sounds were immediately recorded in air."

Sound Name Quotes

"Fine et al. (1996, 1997) state that the sounds produced by channel catfish contain groups of pulses that vary in frequency, amplitude, duration, and pulse pattern. This description closely matches the pattern we noted in the sound characteristics from our audition of channel catfish. Fine et al. (1996, 1997) recorded sound from 52 pond-raised specimens to determine the sound production mechanism. Fish were removed from holding pens or tanks, and their disturbance sounds were immediately recorded in air."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The purpose of this study was to catalog and identify types of underwater sounds in the Hudson River, New York. We recorded underwater sounds with an autonomous underwater listening system consisting of a hydrophone, digital sound recorder, and weatherproof housing. Approximately 164 h of recordings were made from two sites located along the Hudson River during 2003. "

"Two common sounds at the River Project site were categorized as fish sounds and were identified as originating from striped cusk-eels Ophidion marginatum and oyster toadfish Opsanus tau based on our previous experience working with these species (Mann et al. 1997; Rountree and Bowers-Altman 2002; Rountree et al. 2003b)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"We were able to positively identify the source species of two fish sounds from the River Project by comparing call characteristics with published data on the courtship boatwhistle call of oyster toadfish (Fine 1978) and the courtship call of striped cusk-eels (Rountree and Bowers-Altman. 2002). Our recording of the courtship sounds of striped cusk-eels at the lowsalinity River Project site provides new data on the distribution and spawning habits of the species (Collette and Klein-MacPhee 2002)."

Sound Name Quotes

"We were able to positively identify the source species of two fish sounds from the River Project by comparing call characteristics with published data on the courtship boatwhistle call of oyster toadfish (Fine 1978) and the courtship call of striped cusk-eels (Rountree and Bowers-Altman. 2002). Our recording of the courtship sounds of striped cusk-eels at the lowsalinity River Project site provides new data on the distribution and spawning habits of the species (Collette and Klein-MacPhee 2002)."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The purpose of this study was to catalog and identify types of underwater sounds in the Hudson River, New York. We recorded underwater sounds with an autonomous underwater listening system consisting of a hydrophone, digital sound recorder, and weatherproof housing. Approximately 164 h of recordings were made from two sites located along the Hudson River during 2003. "

"Two common sounds at the River Project site were categorized as fish sounds and were identified as originating from striped cusk-eels Ophidion marginatum and oyster toadfish Opsanus tau based on our previous experience working with these species (Mann et al. 1997; Rountree and Bowers-Altman 2002; Rountree et al. 2003b)."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"We were able to positively identify the source species of two fish sounds from the River Project by comparing call characteristics with published data on the courtship boatwhistle call of oyster toadfish (Fine 1978) and the courtship call of striped cusk-eels (Rountree and Bowers-Altman. 2002). Our recording of the courtship sounds of striped cusk-eels at the lowsalinity River Project site provides new data on the distribution and spawning habits of the species (Collette and Klein-MacPhee 2002)."