Full Description

"S. fuscus exhibited a breakdown in the coupling of sound production with food intake in 2mg/L O2 with clicks produced in other contexts, particularly choking and food expulsion."

"Studies have recorded clicking by Syngnathus louisanae (Burkenroad, 1931) and Syngnathus fuscus (Fish et al., 1952), but the context, mechanism, frequency, and duration of pipefish sounds have not been documented."

"Both species produced high frequency (~0.9–1.4kHz), short duration (3–22msec) clicks. Feeding strikes were significantly correlated with both wet weight of ingested food and click production."

"In hypoxic conditions, reduced food intake corresponded with decreased sound production. Significant declines in both behaviors were evident after 1 day and continued as long as hypoxic conditions were maintained."

"We recorded sounds produced during feeding by northern, S. fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, of the Chesapeake Bay region. Our first study explored the relationship between sound production and feeding."

"S. fuscus and S. floridae produce high frequency, short duration clicks with food intake (Table 2; Fig. 2). Body weight was not related to peak frequency in either species (S. fuscus; r = 0.02, p = 0.81; S. Xoridae; r = 0.05, p = 0.44)."

"Click production by S. fuscus and S. floridae was largely limited to feeding activity. Neither S. fuscus nor S. floridae clicked when moved individually or in same sex pairs to a new aquarium."

"Both S. fuscus and S. floridae clicked when held out of water during field collections and in the laboratory."

"Many clicks produced at 2 mg/L O2 by S. fuscus and S. floridae coincided with behaviors other than food intake."

"Sound production by S. fuscus and S. floridae decreased significantly following one day of 2 mg/L O2 and the number of clicks did not recover or wane during the hypoxia period (2-way ANOVA, F= 6.80, p < 0.0001; post hoc Tukey HSD, Q = 2.60, a=0.05; Fig. 3b)."

"When food intake did not accompany sound production, one of four other behaviors corresponded with clicks in this study. Behaviors included a series of head snaps with a piece of food moving back and forth in the snout that eventually led to food expulsion, head snaps coupled with food expulsion, and head snaps at the water surface. The fourth behavior was solitary head snaps without any observable context."

"Sound production by S. fuscus and S. floridae also decreased significantly in 1 mg/L O2 (2-way ANOVA, F=11.25, p < 0.0001; Fig. 5b). Following one day of 1 mg/L O2, sound production declined, remaining consistently low over the exposure (post hoc Tukey HSD, Q =2.60, a= 0.05; Fig. 5b)."

"Analysis of sounds produced in 2 mg/L O2 did not reveal any significant hypoxiainduced changes in sound duration or peak frequency for either species (Tables 2 and 3). Duration and peak frequency also did not change in the 1 mg/L O2 study (Tables 2 and 3). Comparisons between clicks produced during feeding strikes versus those accompanying head snaps before food expulsion did not uncover significant differences in sound parameters (Table 3). Both species responded to low DO levels with a reduction in sound production. S. fuscus and S. floridae in 2 mg/L O2 produced more clicks than conspecifics in 1 mg/L O2 (S. fuscus; post hoc Student’s t, t= 1.98, a=0.05; Fig. 6a; S. floridae; post hoc Student’s t, t= 1.98, a= 0.05; Fig. 6b)."

"In S. fuscus and S. floridae, sound production was not recorded during competition, courtship and spawning, or the introduction to new surroundings. Sound always accompanied food intake with both species performing head snaps with sound production. The sound is a high frequency, short duration click which does not differ with body size, sex, or species."

"Both species displayed significant reductions in feeding behavior and sound production within 1 day of hypoxic conditions. S. fuscus produced more sounds and fed more than S. floridae, which were observed to click at the water surface in oxygen limited conditions."

"We believe S. fuscus and S. floridae feeding clicks are produced by a stridulation mechanism."

"Spectrograms of clicks produced with any behavioral accompaniment by S. fuscus and S. floridae never revealed harmonics."

"Causal observations did not indicate a role of feeding clicks in communicating the presence of food or deterring conspecifics (Amorim et al., 2004; Amorim and Hawkins, 2000)."

"Syngnathid feeding clicks could be similar to the feeding sounds of rainbow trout and may be an unintentional product of the feeding mechanism, playing no communicative role at all (Phillips, 1989)."

"Compared to S. floridae, S. fuscus demonstrated more frequent production of clicks accompanying choking, food expulsion, and solitary head snaps and a decreased tendency to perform ASR."

Observation Environment Quotes

"We collected northern, Syngnathus fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, from the relatively pristine Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, USA and audiovisually recorded behavior in the laboratory of fish held in normoxic (>5mg/L O2) and hypoxic (2 and 1mg/L O2) conditions."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"S. fuscus exhibited a breakdown in the coupling of sound production with food intake in 2mg/L O2 with clicks produced in other contexts, particularly choking and food expulsion."

"We recorded sounds produced during feeding by northern, S. fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, of the Chesapeake Bay region. Our first study explored the relationship between sound production and feeding."

" In both species, food intake was always accompanied by sound production and a head snap (Table 1). However, pipefish produced sound without ingesting food (Table 1). Each time a sound was produced, a head snap was also performed. Yet S. fuscus and S. floridae performed head snaps without sound accompaniment (Table 1)."

"Both S. fuscus and S. floridae clicked when held out of water during Weld collections and in the laboratory."

"We believe S. fuscus and S. floridae feeding clicks are produced by a stridulation mechanism."

Sound Name Quotes

"Both species produced high frequency (~0.9–1.4kHz), short duration (3–22msec) clicks."

Full Description

"Both species produced high frequency (~0.9–1.4kHz), short duration (3–22msec) clicks. Feeding strikes were significantly correlated with both wet weight of ingested food and click production."

"In hypoxic conditions, reduced food intake corresponded with decreased sound production. Significant declines in both behaviors were evident after 1 day and continued as long as hypoxic conditions were maintained."

"We recorded sounds produced during feeding by northern, S. fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, of the Chesapeake Bay region. Our first study explored the relationship between sound production and feeding."

"S. fuscus and S. floridae produce high frequency, short duration clicks with food intake (Table 2; Fig. 2). Body weight was not related to peak frequency in either species (S. fuscus; r = 0.02, p = 0.81; S. Xoridae; r = 0.05, p = 0.44)."

"Click production by S. fuscus and S. floridae was largely limited to feeding activity. Neither S. fuscus nor S. floridae clicked when moved individually or in same sex pairs to a new aquarium."

"Both S. fuscus and S. floridae clicked when held out of water during field collections and in the laboratory."

"Many clicks produced at 2 mg/L O2 by S. fuscus and S. floridae coincided with behaviors other than food intake."

"Sound production by S. fuscus and S. floridae decreased significantly following one day of 2 mg/L O2 and the number of clicks did not recover or wane during the hypoxia period (2-way ANOVA, F= 6.80, p < 0.0001; post hoc Tukey HSD, Q = 2.60, a=0.05; Fig. 3b)."

"When food intake did not accompany sound production, one of four other behaviors corresponded with clicks in this study. Behaviors included a series of head snaps with a piece of food moving back and forth in the snout that eventually led to food expulsion, head snaps coupled with food expulsion, and head snaps at the water surface. The fourth behavior was solitary head snaps without any observable context."

"Sound production by S. fuscus and S. floridae also decreased significantly in 1 mg/L O2 (2-way ANOVA, F=11.25, p < 0.0001; Fig. 5b). Following one day of 1 mg/L O2, sound production declined, remaining consistently low over the exposure (post hoc Tukey HSD, Q =2.60, a= 0.05; Fig. 5b)."

"Analysis of sounds produced in 2 mg/L O2 did not reveal any significant hypoxiainduced changes in sound duration or peak frequency for either species (Tables 2 and 3). Duration and peak frequency also did not change in the 1 mg/L O2 study (Tables 2 and 3). Comparisons between clicks produced during feeding strikes versus those accompanying head snaps before food expulsion did not uncover significant differences in sound parameters (Table 3). Both species responded to low DO levels with a reduction in sound production. S. fuscus and S. floridae in 2 mg/L O2 produced more clicks than conspecifics in 1 mg/L O2 (S. fuscus; post hoc Student’s t, t= 1.98, a=0.05; Fig. 6a; S. floridae; post hoc Student’s t, t= 1.98, a= 0.05; Fig. 6b)."

"In S. fuscus and S. floridae, sound production was not recorded during competition, courtship and spawning, or the introduction to new surroundings. Sound always accompanied food intake with both species performing head snaps with sound production. The sound is a high frequency, short duration click which does not differ with body size, sex, or species."

"Both species displayed significant reductions in feeding behavior and sound production within 1 day of hypoxic conditions. S. fuscus produced more sounds and fed more than S. floridae, which were observed to click at the water surface in oxygen limited conditions."

"We believe S. fuscus and S. floridae feeding clicks are produced by a stridulation mechanism."

"Spectrograms of clicks produced with any behavioral accompaniment by S. fuscus and S. floridae never revealed harmonics."

"Causal observations did not indicate a role of feeding clicks in communicating the presence of food or deterring conspecifics (Amorim et al., 2004; Amorim and Hawkins, 2000)."

"Syngnathid feeding clicks could be similar to the feeding sounds of rainbow trout and may be an unintentional product of the feeding mechanism, playing no communicative role at all (Phillips, 1989)."

"Compared to S. floridae, S. fuscus demonstrated more frequent production of clicks accompanying choking, food expulsion, and solitary head snaps and a decreased tendency to perform ASR."

Observation Environment Quotes

"We collected northern, Syngnathus fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, from the relatively pristine Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, USA and audiovisually recorded behavior in the laboratory of fish held in normoxic (>5mg/L O2) and hypoxic (2 and 1mg/L O2) conditions."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"We recorded sounds produced during feeding by northern, S. fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, of the Chesapeake Bay region. Our first study explored the relationship between sound production and feeding."

" In both species, food intake was always accompanied by sound production and a head snap (Table 1). However, pipefish produced sound without ingesting food (Table 1). Each time a sound was produced, a head snap was also performed. Yet S. fuscus and S. floridae performed head snaps without sound accompaniment (Table 1)."

"Both S. fuscus and S. floridae clicked when held out of water during Weld collections and in the laboratory."

"We believe S. fuscus and S. floridae feeding clicks are produced by a stridulation mechanism.' 'Compared to S. floridae, S. fuscus demonstrated more frequent production of clicks accompanying choking, food expulsion, and solitary head snaps and a decreased tendency to perform ASR."

Sound Name Quotes

"Both species produced high frequency (~0.9–1.4kHz), short duration (3–22msec) clicks."