Full Description

"Recorded sounds. Nine threadfish between 118 and 276 mm pro- duced scratchy bursts and sharp barking sounds In a Wide frequency range between 50 and 4800 cycles. A maximum in the region of 400-800 cps was characteristic of all. Weaker peaks in the 1200-2400 and 2400-4800 cps octaves and considerable energy below 50 cycles are Shown in Fig. 6. The measured over-all pressure is 97.51 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone."

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Stridulatory bursts, easily induced in segregated individuals, seemed to denote alarm. Although all threadfish in an aquarium showed a tendency to stay together under normal conditions, soundmaking was not necessarily a group reaction as noted in the Caranz crysos experiments (p. 30). Upon capture, they produced loud bursts immediately and repeated them whenever the net was agitated in the water. After regaining freedom, specimens swam nervously and continued to sound off when startled by new obstacles."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Stridulatory bursts, easily induced in segregated individuals, seemed to denote alarm. Although all threadfish in an aquarium showed a tendency to stay together under normal conditions, soundmaking was not necessarily a group reaction as noted in the Caranz crysos experiments (p. 30). Upon capture, they produced loud bursts immediately and repeated them whenever the net was agitated in the water. After regaining freedom, specimens swam nervously and continued to sound off when startled by new obstacles."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Stridulatory bursts, easily induced in segregated individuals, seemed to denote alarm. Although all threadfish in an aquarium showed a tendency to stay together under normal conditions, soundmaking was not necessarily a group reaction as noted in the Caranz crysos experiments (p. 30). Upon capture, they produced loud bursts immediately and repeated them whenever the net was agitated in the water. After regaining freedom, specimens swam nervously and continued to sound off when startled by new obstacles."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded sounds. Nine threadfish between 118 and 276 mm pro- duced scratchy bursts and sharp barking sounds In a Wide frequency range between 50 and 4800 cycles. A maximum in the region of 400-800 cps was characteristic of all. Weaker peaks in the 1200-2400 and 2400-4800 cps octaves and considerable energy below 50 cycles are Shown in Fig. 6. The measured over-all pressure is 97.51 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone."

Full Description

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded."

Observation Environment Quotes

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded..."

Full Description

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded."

Observation Environment Quotes

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded..."

Full Description

"Recorded Sound. Single scratchy clicks, sometimes sustained to resemble the tearing of canvas cloth, are Produced by this specie The average of three such sounds, analyzed in Fig. 19, exhibits : Wide range of frequencies—predominant in the 2400-4800 cps octaves with components above 4800 cycles. The large low frequency response in this record may be mechanical, but the fairly high 75-150 cps ampli- tude, with harmonics at 150-300 and 600-1200 cycles, is quite char- acteristic. A maximum over-all pressure of 100.35 db above 0,099 dyne/cm2 within two feet is reached. Short series of grunts as well as toothy scraping are further types of biological sound observed during routine experimentation. Considerable mechanical Scratching in- cident to feeding activity was also noted. Stimulation to Sound Production. During capture, the single speci- men available for study, 335 mm in length, produced small grunts as well as a fairly loud hissing or spitting sound both in the air and under water. Later attempts at inducing these noises by alarm or duress in the laboratory were unsuccessful. The type of metallic click con- sistently induced by electric shock (see Fig. 19) was made sponta- neously by startled specimens in later experiments at Bermuda."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sound. Single scratchy clicks, sometimes sustained to resemble the tearing of canvas cloth, are Produced by this specie The average of three such sounds, analyzed in Fig. 19, exhibits : Wide range of frequencies—predominant in the 2400-4800 cps octaves with components above 4800 cycles. The large low frequency response in this record may be mechanical, but the fairly high 75-150 cps ampli- tude, with harmonics at 150-300 and 600-1200 cycles, is quite char- acteristic. A maximum over-all pressure of 100.35 db above 0,099 dyne/cm2 within two feet is reached. Short series of grunts as well as toothy scraping are further types of biological sound observed during routine experimentation. Considerable mechanical Scratching in- cident to feeding activity was also noted. Stimulation to Sound Production. During capture, the single speci- men available for study, 335 mm in length, produced small grunts as well as a fairly loud hissing or spitting sound both in the air and under water. Later attempts at inducing these noises by alarm or duress in the laboratory were unsuccessful. The type of metallic click con- sistently induced by electric shock (see Fig. 19) was made sponta- neously by startled specimens in later experiments at Bermuda."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sound. Single scratchy clicks, sometimes sustained to resemble the tearing of canvas cloth, are Produced by this specie The average of three such sounds, analyzed in Fig. 19, exhibits : Wide range of frequencies—predominant in the 2400-4800 cps octaves with components above 4800 cycles. The large low frequency response in this record may be mechanical, but the fairly high 75-150 cps ampli- tude, with harmonics at 150-300 and 600-1200 cycles, is quite char- acteristic. A maximum over-all pressure of 100.35 db above 0,099 dyne/cm2 within two feet is reached. Short series of grunts as well as toothy scraping are further types of biological sound observed during routine experimentation. Considerable mechanical Scratching in- cident to feeding activity was also noted. Stimulation to Sound Production. During capture, the single speci- men available for study, 335 mm in length, produced small grunts as well as a fairly loud hissing or spitting sound both in the air and under water. Later attempts at inducing these noises by alarm or duress in the laboratory were unsuccessful. The type of metallic click con- sistently induced by electric shock (see Fig. 19) was made sponta- neously by startled specimens in later experiments at Bermuda."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sound. Single scratchy clicks, sometimes sustained to resemble the tearing of canvas cloth, are Produced by this specie The average of three such sounds, analyzed in Fig. 19, exhibits : Wide range of frequencies—predominant in the 2400-4800 cps octaves with components above 4800 cycles. The large low frequency response in this record may be mechanical, but the fairly high 75-150 cps ampli- tude, with harmonics at 150-300 and 600-1200 cycles, is quite char- acteristic. A maximum over-all pressure of 100.35 db above 0,099 dyne/cm2 within two feet is reached. Short series of grunts as well as toothy scraping are further types of biological sound observed during routine experimentation. Considerable mechanical Scratching in- cident to feeding activity was also noted. Stimulation to Sound Production. During capture, the single speci- men available for study, 335 mm in length, produced small grunts as well as a fairly loud hissing or spitting sound both in the air and under water. Later attempts at inducing these noises by alarm or duress in the laboratory were unsuccessful. The type of metallic click con- sistently induced by electric shock (see Fig. 19) was made sponta- neously by startled specimens in later experiments at Bermuda."

Observation Environment Quotes

"...were held in Bay enclosures for several days."

Observation Environment Quotes

"...were held in Bay enclosures for several days."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound are made by the American eel: (1) dull thuds or thumps, produced singly, with a frequency spread of 25 to 1200 cycles; (2) long continued low clucking which resembles the “put-put” of an outboard motor, clicking or squeaking. The solid Jine in Fig. 1, indicating the average of eight thumps made by 8 700 mm specimen, shows an over-all pressure of 107.88 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot from the hydrophone. There is a strong maximum at 75-160 cps (104.49 db), with some indication of a ...."(OCR didn't work)"Simulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed in Fig. 1 were induced by electric stimulation, Ten specimens were used for the experiment and in every case a low but distinct thump could be heard whenever mild shock was administered. No other underwater biological sound was observed at any time. Clucking was induced by removal from the water. Immediate individual clicks or small squeaks, spaced a few seconds apart, were audible; later, especially if a specimen were kept on its back, the sounds increased to an almost continuous burst lasting up to 15 seconds. When the specimen became quiet, another pulse could be incited by any such disturbance as motion of the container, slight prodding, or loud noise. Specimens kept alive in a wet bucket clucked occasionally during periods up to three hours."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Simulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed in Fig. 1 were induced by electric stimulation, Ten specimens were used for the experiment and in every case a low but distinct thump could be heard whenever mild shock was administered. No other underwater biological sound was observed at any time. Clucking was induced by removal from the water. Immediate individual clicks or small squeaks, spaced a few seconds apart, were audible; later, especially if a specimen were kept on its back, the sounds increased to an almost continuous burst lasting up to 15 seconds. When the specimen became quiet, another pulse could be incited by any such disturbance as motion of the container, slight prodding, or loud noise. Specimens kept alive in a wet bucket clucked occasionally during periods up to three hours."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Simulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed in Fig. 1 were induced by electric stimulation, Ten specimens were used for the experiment and in every case a low but distinct thump could be heard whenever mild shock was administered. No other underwater biological sound was observed at any time. Clucking was induced by removal from the water. Immediate individual clicks or small squeaks, spaced a few seconds apart, were audible; later, especially if a specimen were kept on its back, the sounds increased to an almost continuous burst lasting up to 15 seconds. When the specimen became quiet, another pulse could be incited by any such disturbance as motion of the container, slight prodding, or loud noise. Specimens kept alive in a wet bucket clucked occasionally during periods up to three hours."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound are made by the American eel: (1) dull thuds or thumps, produced singly, with a frequency spread of 25 to 1200 cycles; (2) long continued low clucking which resembles the “put-put” of an outboard motor, clicking or squeaking. The solid Jine in Fig. 1, indicating the average of eight thumps made by 8 700 mm specimen, shows an over-all pressure of 107.88 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot from the hydrophone. There is a strong maximum at 75-160 cps (104.49 db), with some indication of a ....'(OCR didn't work) 'Simulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed in Fig. 1 were induced by electric stimulation, Ten specimens were used for the experiment and in every case a low but distinct thump could be heard whenever mild shock was administered. No other underwater biological sound was observed at any time. Clucking was induced by removal from the water. Immediate individual clicks or small squeaks, spaced a few seconds apart, were audible; later, especially if a specimen were kept on its back, the sounds increased to an almost continuous burst lasting up to 15 seconds. When the specimen became quiet, another pulse could be incited by any such disturbance as motion of the container, slight prodding, or loud noise. Specimens kept alive in a wet bucket clucked occasionally during periods up to three hours."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Single guttural thumps or grunts spread between 20 and 1400 cycles, with principal frequencies in the Vicinity of 200, were produced by an immature 200 mm male. Fig. 11, with a curve typical of the type of sound induced by electric shock, exhibits a considerable 75-150 cps component, maximum energy at 150-300, and a fairly large second harmonic In the 400-800 cps octave. The overall pressure is 107.31 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet. Under different stimulation the same fish makes a stridulatory scraping or rasping sound, with a range of 350 to 1150 cycles and with the principal peak at 700. Loud toothy noises attributable to the northern scup are commonly picked up by the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. On many occasions during com- petitive feeding, we observed a low guttural grunt identical with the single deep thump induced by electric shock. Under similar circum- stances the fish produces 4 high frequency rasping as if to frighten competitors away. Mechanical noises incident to feeding are frequent. Rarely an acclimated specimen will emit 4 short burst when it is dropped into a new tank; however, under normal conditions of swim- ming and lone feeding, no biological sound is audible. Captive speci- mens remained silent through experimental aggravation (crowding, prodding, and rough handling) which was sufficient to induce sound from sea robins in the same tank. Seventy-five northern scup were used in these experiments."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Single guttural thumps or grunts spread between 20 and 1400 cycles, with principal frequencies in the Vicinity of 200, were produced by an immature 200 mm male. Fig. 11, with a curve typical of the type of sound induced by electric shock, exhibits a considerable 75-150 cps component, maximum energy at 150-300, and a fairly large second harmonic In the 400-800 cps octave. The overall pressure is 107.31 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet. Under different stimulation the same fish makes a stridulatory scraping or rasping sound, with a range of 350 to 1150 cycles and with the principal peak at 700. Loud toothy noises attributable to the northern scup are commonly picked up by the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. On many occasions during com- petitive feeding, we observed a low guttural grunt identical with the single deep thump induced by electric shock. Under similar circum- stances the fish produces 4 high frequency rasping as if to frighten competitors away. Mechanical noises incident to feeding are frequent. Rarely an acclimated specimen will emit 4 short burst when it is dropped into a new tank; however, under normal conditions of swim- ming and lone feeding, no biological sound is audible. Captive speci- mens remained silent through experimental aggravation (crowding, prodding, and rough handling) which was sufficient to induce sound from sea robins in the same tank. Seventy-five northern scup were used in these experiments."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Single guttural thumps or grunts spread between 20 and 1400 cycles, with principal frequencies in the Vicinity of 200, were produced by an immature 200 mm male. Fig. 11, with a curve typical of the type of sound induced by electric shock, exhibits a considerable 75-150 cps component, maximum energy at 150-300, and a fairly large second harmonic In the 400-800 cps octave. The overall pressure is 107.31 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet. Under different stimulation the same fish makes a stridulatory scraping or rasping sound, with a range of 350 to 1150 cycles and with the principal peak at 700. Loud toothy noises attributable to the northern scup are commonly picked up by the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. On many occasions during com- petitive feeding, we observed a low guttural grunt identical with the single deep thump induced by electric shock. Under similar circum- stances the fish produces 4 high frequency rasping as if to frighten competitors away. Mechanical noises incident to feeding are frequent. Rarely an acclimated specimen will emit 4 short burst when it is dropped into a new tank; however, under normal conditions of swim- ming and lone feeding, no biological sound is audible. Captive speci- mens remained silent through experimental aggravation (crowding, prodding, and rough handling) which was sufficient to induce sound from sea robins in the same tank. Seventy-five northern scup were used in these experiments."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Single guttural thumps or grunts spread between 20 and 1400 cycles, with principal frequencies in the Vicinity of 200, were produced by an immature 200 mm male. Fig. 11, with a curve typical of the type of sound induced by electric shock, exhibits a considerable 75-150 cps component, maximum energy at 150-300, and a fairly large second harmonic In the 400-800 cps octave. The overall pressure is 107.31 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet. Under different stimulation the same fish makes a stridulatory scraping or rasping sound, with a range of 350 to 1150 cycles and with the principal peak at 700. Loud toothy noises attributable to the northern scup are commonly picked up by the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. On many occasions during com- petitive feeding, we observed a low guttural grunt identical with the single deep thump induced by electric shock. Under similar circum- stances the fish produces 4 high frequency rasping as if to frighten competitors away. Mechanical noises incident to feeding are frequent. Rarely an acclimated specimen will emit 4 short burst when it is dropped into a new tank; however, under normal conditions of swim- ming and lone feeding, no biological sound is audible. Captive speci- mens remained silent through experimental aggravation (crowding, prodding, and rough handling) which was sufficient to induce sound from sea robins in the same tank. Seventy-five northern scup were used in these experiments."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The 13 black rudderfish (Palinurichthys perciformis [Mitchill]) avail. able for study were juveniles under 15( mm; adults attain a length of at least 350 mm. Its soundmaking in captivity was purely mechan- ical. Itis feebly toothed except for horny hooked oesophageal proces- ses, and in this respect it resembles Poronotus triacanthus (p. 35). Only occasional noise of accidental origin was evident in experiments with the bladderless shark sucker (Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus), Twelve specimens were given the full series of experiments, with the exception of electric shock. Nothing but the noise of collision against the tank or the disturbance of gravelly bottom was detected during observation of the following flatfishes: five American plaice, (Hippoglossoides platessoides [Fab- ricius]), 23 summer flounders (Paralichthys dentatus [Linnaeus]), six winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus [Walbaum]), and two hog chokers (Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde). As noted in connection with Lophopselta aquosa (p. 96), electric stimulation of P. americanus and A. fasciatus gave negative results."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Three specimens, 115 to 185 mm in length, produced dull thumps that were audible to observers but too faint for accurate analysis. Stimulation to Sound Production. Material was not available for the full routine of experiment, hence our data are limited to a series of observations with electric stimulation. Thumps were recorded consistently when specimens were shocked individually and together."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Three specimens, 115 to 185 mm in length, produced dull thumps that were audible to observers but too faint for accurate analysis. Stimulation to Sound Production. Material was not available for the full routine of experiment, hence our data are limited to a series of observations with electric stimulation. Thumps were recorded consistently when specimens were shocked individually and together."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Three specimens, 115 to 185 mm in length, produced dull thumps that were audible to observers but too faint for accurate analysis. Stimulation to Sound Production. Material was not available for the full routine of experiment, hence our data are limited to a series of observations with electric stimulation. Thumps were recorded consistently when specimens were shocked individually and together."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Three specimens, 115 to 185 mm in length, produced dull thumps that were audible to observers but too faint for accurate analysis. Stimulation to Sound Production. Material was not available for the full routine of experiment, hence our data are limited to a series of observations with electric stimulation. Thumps were recorded consistently when specimens were shocked individually and together."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. The spadefish produces a faint, low-pitched, drum-like beat which occurs either singly or in a short burst. Fig. 18, representing the average of 10 individual sounds, indicates a frequency range from 0-50 to 600-1200 cps octaves. There is little variation between individual sounds; a strong maximum at 75-150 cps occurs in all. The over-all pressure determined in Fig. 18 is 106.98 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of approximately one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. A 395 mm specimen, taken in a trap near Pt. Judith, Rhode Island on 27 June 1951, was kept under observation in a large laboratory tank until 10 August. Acclimation was immediate, and taming was so complete that difficulty was en- countered in making the specimen sound off. Spontaneous drumming occurred only rarely when there was some competition for food or when the fish was startled. In both situations the sound was ac- companied by rapid movement. The characteristic “hollow beat,” synchronized with convulsive opening and closing of the mouth, was induced also by electric shock."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The spadefish produces a faint, low-pitched, drum-like beat which occurs either singly or in a short burst. Fig. 18, representing the average of 10 individual sounds, indicates a frequency range from 0-50 to 600-1200 cps octaves. There is little variation between individual sounds; a strong maximum at 75-150 cps occurs in all. The over-all pressure determined in Fig. 18 is 106.98 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of approximately one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. A 395 mm specimen, taken in a trap near Pt. Judith, Rhode Island on 27 June 1951, was kept under observation in a large laboratory tank until 10 August. Acclimation was immediate, and taming was so complete that difficulty was en- countered in making the specimen sound off. Spontaneous drumming occurred only rarely when there was some competition for food or when the fish was startled. In both situations the sound was ac- companied by rapid movement. The characteristic “hollow beat,” synchronized with convulsive opening and closing of the mouth, was induced also by electric shock."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The spadefish produces a faint, low-pitched, drum-like beat which occurs either singly or in a short burst. Fig. 18, representing the average of 10 individual sounds, indicates a frequency range from 0-50 to 600-1200 cps octaves. There is little variation between individual sounds; a strong maximum at 75-150 cps occurs in all. The over-all pressure determined in Fig. 18 is 106.98 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of approximately one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. A 395 mm specimen, taken in a trap near Pt. Judith, Rhode Island on 27 June 1951, was kept under observation in a large laboratory tank until 10 August. Acclimation was immediate, and taming was so complete that difficulty was en- countered in making the specimen sound off. Spontaneous drumming occurred only rarely when there was some competition for food or when the fish was startled. In both situations the sound was ac- companied by rapid movement. The characteristic “hollow beat,” synchronized with convulsive opening and closing of the mouth, was induced also by electric shock."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The spadefish produces a faint, low-pitched, drum-like beat which occurs either singly or in a short burst. Fig. 18, representing the average of 10 individual sounds, indicates a frequency range from 0-50 to 600-1200 cps octaves. There is little variation between individual sounds; a strong maximum at 75-150 cps occurs in all. The over-all pressure determined in Fig. 18 is 106.98 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of approximately one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. A 395 mm specimen, taken in a trap near Pt. Judith, Rhode Island on 27 June 1951, was kept under observation in a large laboratory tank until 10 August. Acclimation was immediate, and taming was so complete that difficulty was en- countered in making the specimen sound off. Spontaneous drumming occurred only rarely when there was some competition for food or when the fish was startled. In both situations the sound was ac- companied by rapid movement. The characteristic “hollow beat,” synchronized with convulsive opening and closing of the mouth, was induced also by electric shock."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"OCR didn't work

Full Description

"Ten threespine sticklebacks ((Casterosleus aculeatus Linnaeus) and three fourspine sticklebacks (Apeltes quadracus [Mitchill]) may have produced minor stridulatory sounds, but only accidental noises are recognizable in our recordings. We noted that the prominent dorsal and pelvic spines snapped up sharply when the fishes were startled, but in these small specimens no associated sound could be dis- tinguished."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Ten threespine sticklebacks ((Casterosleus aculeatus Linnaeus) and three fourspine sticklebacks (Apeltes quadracus [Mitchill]) may have produced minor stridulatory sounds, but only accidental noises are recognizable in our recordings. We noted that the prominent dorsal and pelvic spines snapped up sharply when the fishes were startled, but in these small specimens no associated sound could be dis- tinguished."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. A short faint rasp was the only natural sound recorded during routine experimentation with five kingfish. Fig, 14, representing a typical sound made by a 270 mm female, exhibits wide frequency distribution between 175 and 1475 cycles and a strong maximum at 250. Stimulation to Sound Production. Rasping was induced by gentle prodding with a glass rod. Unfortunately the few specimens available Were in poor condition following capture; they refused food, showed little interest in their tank-mates, and failed to survive long enough for acclimation."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. A short faint rasp was the only natural sound recorded during routine experimentation with five kingfish. Fig, 14, representing a typical sound made by a 270 mm female, exhibits wide frequency distribution between 175 and 1475 cycles and a strong maximum at 250. Stimulation to Sound Production. Rasping was induced by gentle prodding with a glass rod. Unfortunately the few specimens available Were in poor condition following capture; they refused food, showed little interest in their tank-mates, and failed to survive long enough for acclimation."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. A short faint rasp was the only natural sound recorded during routine experimentation with five kingfish. Fig, 14, representing a typical sound made by a 270 mm female, exhibits wide frequency distribution between 175 and 1475 cycles and a strong maximum at 250. Stimulation to Sound Production. Rasping was induced by gentle prodding with a glass rod. Unfortunately the few specimens available Were in poor condition following capture; they refused food, showed little interest in their tank-mates, and failed to survive long enough for acclimation."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. A short faint rasp was the only natural sound recorded during routine experimentation with five kingfish. Fig, 14, representing a typical sound made by a 270 mm female, exhibits wide frequency distribution between 175 and 1475 cycles and a strong maximum at 250. Stimulation to Sound Production. Rasping was induced by gentle prodding with a glass rod. Unfortunately the few specimens available Were in poor condition following capture; they refused food, showed little interest in their tank-mates, and failed to survive long enough for acclimation."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Natural sounds, induced in the laboratory only by duress, have been accompanied by defensive swell. ing. Usually the grating begins when the fish is completely inflated, continues as a crescendo with further manual stroking, and reaches its climax at the moment of deflation."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Natural sounds, induced in the laboratory only by duress, have been accompanied by defensive swell. ing. Usually the grating begins when the fish is completely inflated, continues as a crescendo with further manual stroking, and reaches its climax at the moment of deflation. ' (OCR didn't work)

Full Description

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded."

Observation Environment Quotes

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded..."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. The sound produced by the black sea bass is a small single thump of low amplitude with the distinctive hollow tone characteristic of most sounds of air bladder origin. The range of its sound extends between 25 and 1200 cycles, with maximum energy always at about 225. Fig. 9 shows the average of three sounds made by a 236 mm individual when slightly disturbed. A low frequency peak at 150-300 cps octave predominates (101.34 db), with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is 99.75 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. There is a striking resemblance in the octave analyses of the striped bass and the black sea bass (cf. Figs. 8 and 9). As expected because of the disparity in size, the principal difference is in the pressure recorded. Fig. 10 represents an harmonic wave analysis of the average of eight sounds made by another small specimen as a result of electric stimulation. The same general pattern is evident in this more de- tailed study, with the principal maximum at 225 and considerable energy manifested to over 400 cycles. Approximately equal secondary peaks at 150, 300, and 400 cps have 60% of the pressure of the 225 maximum. Stimulation to Sound Production. Twenty-two specimens ranging between 212 and 265 mm were used for experimentation. These small fishes acclimated quickly and lived for extended periods in laboratory and bay enclosures. As in the case of the related striped bass, the black sea bass sounded off Spontaneously as it swam away from the sudden motion of a glass rod held in its path. Electric stimulation induced a similar sound."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The sound produced by the black sea bass is a small single thump of low amplitude with the distinctive hollow tone characteristic of most sounds of air bladder origin. The range of its sound extends between 25 and 1200 cycles, with maximum energy always at about 225. Fig. 9 shows the average of three sounds made by a 236 mm individual when slightly disturbed. A low frequency peak at 150-300 cps octave predominates (101.34 db), with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is 99.75 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. There is a striking resemblance in the octave analyses of the striped bass and the black sea bass (cf. Figs. 8 and 9). As expected because of the disparity in size, the principal difference is in the pressure recorded. Fig. 10 represents an harmonic wave analysis of the average of eight sounds made by another small specimen as a result of electric stimulation. The same general pattern is evident in this more de- tailed study, with the principal maximum at 225 and considerable energy manifested to over 400 cycles. Approximately equal secondary peaks at 150, 300, and 400 cps have 60% of the pressure of the 225 maximum. Stimulation to Sound Production. Twenty-two specimens ranging between 212 and 265 mm were used for experimentation. These small fishes acclimated quickly and lived for extended periods in laboratory and bay enclosures. As in the case of the related striped bass, the black sea bass sounded off Spontaneously as it swam away from the sudden motion of a glass rod held in its path. Electric stimulation induced a similar sound."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The sound produced by the black sea bass is a small single thump of low amplitude with the distinctive hollow tone characteristic of most sounds of air bladder origin. The range of its sound extends between 25 and 1200 cycles, with maximum energy always at about 225. Fig. 9 shows the average of three sounds made by a 236 mm individual when slightly disturbed. A low frequency peak at 150-300 cps octave predominates (101.34 db), with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is 99.75 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. There is a striking resemblance in the octave analyses of the striped bass and the black sea bass (cf. Figs. 8 and 9). As expected because of the disparity in size, the principal difference is in the pressure recorded. Fig. 10 represents an harmonic wave analysis of the average of eight sounds made by another small specimen as a result of electric stimulation. The same general pattern is evident in this more de- tailed study, with the principal maximum at 225 and considerable energy manifested to over 400 cycles. Approximately equal secondary peaks at 150, 300, and 400 cps have 60% of the pressure of the 225 maximum. Stimulation to Sound Production. Twenty-two specimens ranging between 212 and 265 mm were used for experimentation. These small fishes acclimated quickly and lived for extended periods in laboratory and bay enclosures. As in the case of the related striped bass, the black sea bass sounded off Spontaneously as it swam away from the sudden motion of a glass rod held in its path. Electric stimulation induced a similar sound."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The sound produced by the black sea bass is a small single thump of low amplitude with the distinctive hollow tone characteristic of most sounds of air bladder origin. The range of its sound extends between 25 and 1200 cycles, with maximum energy always at about 225. Fig. 9 shows the average of three sounds made by a 236 mm individual when slightly disturbed. A low frequency peak at 150-300 cps octave predominates (101.34 db), with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is 99.75 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. There is a striking resemblance in the octave analyses of the striped bass and the black sea bass (cf. Figs. 8 and 9). As expected because of the disparity in size, the principal difference is in the pressure recorded. Fig. 10 represents an harmonic wave analysis of the average of eight sounds made by another small specimen as a result of electric stimulation. The same general pattern is evident in this more de- tailed study, with the principal maximum at 225 and considerable energy manifested to over 400 cycles. Approximately equal secondary peaks at 150, 300, and 400 cps have 60% of the pressure of the 225 maximum. Stimulation to Sound Production. Twenty-two specimens ranging between 212 and 265 mm were used for experimentation. These small fishes acclimated quickly and lived for extended periods in laboratory and bay enclosures. As in the case of the related striped bass, the black sea bass sounded off Spontaneously as it swam away from the sudden motion of a glass rod held in its path. Electric stimulation induced a similar sound."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. A number of single low frequency thumps were recorded during electric stimulation of each of the three specimens, Fig. 31 represents one such sound produced by a windowpane 230 mm in standard length. A principal frequency of 60 cycles, with con- siderable harmonic content, is indicated. Stimulation to Sound Production. A dozen windowpanes, held in captivity for varying periods up to two months, remained fairly quiescent on the bottom for the most part but swam freely when disturbed. Feeding activity was not observed. Considerable me- chanical noise accompanied their movements over loose stones and pebbles, but no biological sound was recorded except when individuals were shocked. At such times a definite thump occurred simultane- ously with the specimen’s abrupt rise off the bottom. Rapid swim- ming followed the shock and could be readily induced thereafter by tapping the glass or stirring the water, but the sound was not repeated."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. A number of single low frequency thumps were recorded during electric stimulation of each of the three specimens, Fig. 31 represents one such sound produced by a windowpane 230 mm in standard length. A principal frequency of 60 cycles, with con- siderable harmonic content, is indicated. Stimulation to Sound Production. A dozen windowpanes, held in captivity for varying periods up to two months, remained fairly quiescent on the bottom for the most part but swam freely when disturbed. Feeding activity was not observed. Considerable me- chanical noise accompanied their movements over loose stones and pebbles, but no biological sound was recorded except when individuals were shocked. At such times a definite thump occurred simultane- ously with the specimen’s abrupt rise off the bottom. Rapid swim- ming followed the shock and could be readily induced thereafter by tapping the glass or stirring the water, but the sound was not repeated."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. A number of single low frequency thumps were recorded during electric stimulation of each of the three specimens, Fig. 31 represents one such sound produced by a windowpane 230 mm in standard length. A principal frequency of 60 cycles, with con- siderable harmonic content, is indicated. Stimulation to Sound Production. A dozen windowpanes, held in captivity for varying periods up to two months, remained fairly quiescent on the bottom for the most part but swam freely when disturbed. Feeding activity was not observed. Considerable me- chanical noise accompanied their movements over loose stones and pebbles, but no biological sound was recorded except when individuals were shocked. At such times a definite thump occurred simultane- ously with the specimen’s abrupt rise off the bottom. Rapid swim- ming followed the shock and could be readily induced thereafter by tapping the glass or stirring the water, but the sound was not repeated."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. A number of single low frequency thumps were recorded during electric stimulation of each of the three specimens, Fig. 31 represents one such sound produced by a windowpane 230 mm in standard length. A principal frequency of 60 cycles, with con- siderable harmonic content, is indicated. Stimulation to Sound Production. A dozen windowpanes, held in captivity for varying periods up to two months, remained fairly quiescent on the bottom for the most part but swam freely when disturbed. Feeding activity was not observed. Considerable me- chanical noise accompanied their movements over loose stones and pebbles, but no biological sound was recorded except when individuals were shocked. At such times a definite thump occurred simultane- ously with the specimen’s abrupt rise off the bottom. Rapid swim- ming followed the shock and could be readily induced thereafter by tapping the glass or stirring the water, but the sound was not repeated."

Full Description

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded."

Observation Environment Quotes

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded..."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. The vibrant quality of all sea robin sounds, something like that of a bass drum, has been noted in connection with P. carolinus (p. 80). Just as these two species are closely related . taxonomically, so their soundmaking has great similarity. However, an experienced ear can distinguish certain differences: by comparison with the slightly sharper and more staccato burst of the common sea robin, the sound produced by this species has a trifle longer pulse and is duller and more “hollow” like distant hammering on a wooden wall The terms “squawk and cackling,” applied to P. carolinus, may be replaced by “grunt and clucking”’ for P. evolans. Analyses of the bursts of 69 southern striped sea robins demon- strated a slight but evident difference in frequency pattern. The usual range of spontaneous grunts, shorter than that of the common sea robin, was 40 to 800 cycles, with principal energy at 200, 100 and 300 cps (listed in order of magnitude). Occasionally, when small specimens were extremely excited, frequencies up to 3200 cycles were recorded, with maxima in the 400-800 and 800-1600 cps octave bands. Over-all pressure reached 117.9 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. Fig. 27 represents the average of four grunts induced by the electric stimulation of a 413 mm female. The predorninant 125 cycle component and the harmonic nature of ..."(OCR didn't work)"

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The vibrant quality of all sea robin sounds, something like that of a bass drum, has been noted in connection with P. carolinus (p. 80). Just as these two species are closely related . taxonomically, so their soundmaking has great similarity. However, an experienced ear can distinguish certain differences: by comparison with the slightly sharper and more staccato burst of the common sea robin, the sound produced by this species has a trifle longer pulse and is duller and more “hollow” like distant hammering on a wooden wall The terms “squawk and cackling,” applied to P. carolinus, may be replaced by “grunt and clucking”’ for P. evolans. Analyses of the bursts of 69 southern striped sea robins demon- strated a slight but evident difference in frequency pattern. The usual range of spontaneous grunts, shorter than that of the common sea robin, was 40 to 800 cycles, with principal energy at 200, 100 and 300 cps (listed in order of magnitude). Occasionally, when small specimens were extremely excited, frequencies up to 3200 cycles were recorded, with maxima in the 400-800 and 800-1600 cps octave bands. Over-all pressure reached 117.9 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. Fig. 27 represents the average of four grunts induced by the electric stimulation of a 413 mm female. The predorninant 125 cycle component and the harmonic nature of ...' (OCR didn't work)

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The vibrant quality of all sea robin sounds, something like that of a bass drum, has been noted in connection with P. carolinus (p. 80). Just as these two species are closely related . taxonomically, so their soundmaking has great similarity. However, an experienced ear can distinguish certain differences: by comparison with the slightly sharper and more staccato burst of the common sea robin, the sound produced by this species has a trifle longer pulse and is duller and more “hollow” like distant hammering on a wooden wall The terms “squawk and cackling,” applied to P. carolinus, may be replaced by “grunt and clucking”’ for P. evolans. Analyses of the bursts of 69 southern striped sea robins demon- strated a slight but evident difference in frequency pattern. The usual range of spontaneous grunts, shorter than that of the common sea robin, was 40 to 800 cycles, with principal energy at 200, 100 and 300 cps (listed in order of magnitude). Occasionally, when small specimens were extremely excited, frequencies up to 3200 cycles were recorded, with maxima in the 400-800 and 800-1600 cps octave bands. Over-all pressure reached 117.9 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. Fig. 27 represents the average of four grunts induced by the electric stimulation of a 413 mm female. The predorninant 125 cycle component and the harmonic nature of ...' (OCR didn't work)

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The vibrant quality of all sea robin sounds, something like that of a bass drum, has been noted in connection with P. carolinus (p. 80). Just as these two species are closely related . taxonomically, so their soundmaking has great similarity. However, an experienced ear can distinguish certain differences: by comparison with the slightly sharper and more staccato burst of the common sea robin, the sound produced by this species has a trifle longer pulse and is duller and more “hollow” like distant hammering on a wooden wall The terms “squawk and cackling,” applied to P. carolinus, may be replaced by “grunt and clucking”’ for P. evolans. Analyses of the bursts of 69 southern striped sea robins demon- strated a slight but evident difference in frequency pattern. The usual range of spontaneous grunts, shorter than that of the common sea robin, was 40 to 800 cycles, with principal energy at 200, 100 and 300 cps (listed in order of magnitude). Occasionally, when small specimens were extremely excited, frequencies up to 3200 cycles were recorded, with maxima in the 400-800 and 800-1600 cps octave bands. Over-all pressure reached 117.9 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydrophone. Fig. 27 represents the average of four grunts induced by the electric stimulation of a 413 mm female. The predorninant 125 cycle component and the harmonic nature of ...' (OCR didn't work)

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. The characteristic sound of the striped bass is a single deep-pitched thump extending from below 50 to over 800 cycles. The solid line in Fig. 8, which represents the average of nine spon- taneous sounds made by a 465 mm female with immature gonads, demonstrates the large 75-150 cps component typical of all recordings of this species, with high energy extending through the 100-200 and 150-300 cps octave bands. The over-all pressure indicated is 107.56 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within six feet of the hydrophone. A spent male, 910 mm in length, produced two spontaneous sounds which are ..."(OCR didn't work)"

Behaviour Description Quotes

"OCR didn't work

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The characteristic sound of the striped bass is a single deep-pitched thump extending from below 50 to over 800 cycles. The solid line in Fig. 8, which represents the average of nine spon- taneous sounds made by a 465 mm female with immature gonads, demonstrates the large 75-150 cps component typical of all recordings of this species, with high energy extending through the 100-200 and 150-300 cps octave bands. The over-all pressure indicated is 107.56 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within six feet of the hydrophone. A spent male, 910 mm in length, produced two spontaneous sounds which are ...'(OCR didn't work)

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds.‘ Fourteen sounds recorded for analysis were loud clicks similar to the snapping of finger against thumb. They were pro- duced singly or in series of two to five at intervals of about one second Their frequency distribution extends from below 50 to over 4800 cycles, with maximum energy usually in the 400-800 cps octave, less often in the 300-600 and 200-400 bands. Fig. 3 shows the average of two typical sounds with a single large maximum of 107.81 db in the 400-800 cps band and over-all pressure of 108.93 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of six inches from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. The only specimen available was an unusually large northern seahorse (128 mm in total length) which was held in a laboratory aquarium for 138 days. Spontaneous sound- making, limited to the first two days, seemed to be associated with strangeness of environment. Although it had been held elsewhere in captivity for two weeks, the specimen immediately reacted to the new location with a vigorous snapping that was repeated at intervals of approximately half to three quarters of an hour throughout the first day. After the initial burst of five, the snaps were made sine, doubly, or in a series of four spaced about one second apart."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. The only specimen available was an unusually large northern seahorse (128 mm in total length) which was held in a laboratory aquarium for 138 days. Spontaneous sound- making, limited to the first two days, seemed to be associated with strangeness of environment. Although it had been held elsewhere in captivity for two weeks, the specimen immediately reacted to the new location with a vigorous snapping that was repeated at intervals of approximately half to three quarters of an hour throughout the first day. After the initial burst of five, the snaps were made sine, doubly, or in a series of four spaced about one second apart."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. The only specimen available was an unusually large northern seahorse (128 mm in total length) which was held in a laboratory aquarium for 138 days. Spontaneous sound- making, limited to the first two days, seemed to be associated with strangeness of environment. Although it had been held elsewhere in captivity for two weeks, the specimen immediately reacted to the new location with a vigorous snapping that was repeated at intervals of approximately half to three quarters of an hour throughout the first day. After the initial burst of five, the snaps were made sine, doubly, or in a series of four spaced about one second apart."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds.‘ Fourteen sounds recorded for analysis were loud clicks similar to the snapping of finger against thumb. They were pro- duced singly or in series of two to five at intervals of about one second Their frequency distribution extends from below 50 to over 4800 cycles, with maximum energy usually in the 400-800 cps octave, less often in the 300-600 and 200-400 bands. Fig. 3 shows the average of two typical sounds with a single large maximum of 107.81 db in the 400-800 cps band and over-all pressure of 108.93 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of six inches from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. The only specimen available was an unusually large northern seahorse (128 mm in total length) which was held in a laboratory aquarium for 138 days. Spontaneous sound- making, limited to the first two days, seemed to be associated with strangeness of environment. Although it had been held elsewhere in captivity for two weeks, the specimen immediately reacted to the new location with a vigorous snapping that was repeated at intervals of approximately half to three quarters of an hour throughout the first day. After the initial burst of five, the snaps were made sine, doubly, or in a series of four spaced about one second apart."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Perhaps the most outstanding characteristic of the common sea robin’s sound is its vibrant drum-like quality analo- gous to the noise made by a wet finger drawn across the Surface of an inflated rubber balloon. The rhythmic outbursts of both local species P. carolinus and P. evolans, suggest the cackling and clucking of barn- yard fowl. In the case of the common sea robin, this Modulated squawking seems more staccato in character than that of its red- winged relative, P. evolans. Sometimes a Single deep cluck or squawk may be given, but more often the sound is repeated in a Series that lasts 10 to 15 seconds. The volume of the outburst is directly pro- portional to the degree of stimulation. Some tonal variation may be exhibited by a single Specimen, but the general sound pattern is SO constant in repeated experiments that the sound of one individual can be differentiated by ear from the sounds made by other sea robins. Undoubtedly Size is the major controlling factor, since vibrations are more or less inversely propor- tional to air bladder length;"

"Analyses of cackling Sounds produced spontaneously by over 59 common sea robins indicate an extreme frequency range of 40 to 2400 cycles, with most energy concentrated between 150 and 750 cps. In medium sized adults, the Principal frequency is usually 300 cycles, with pronounced harmonic components at 150, 459 and 600 cps (listed in order of magnitude), Measured pressure has reached 112.56 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydro- Phone. In the case of electrically induced Single clucks, the principal frequency is usually lower: Fig. 26 shows the average of two such sounds made by a 262 mm male. The strongly predominant 150 cps component is followed by many harmonic peaks."

"Stimulation io Sound Production. The common sea robin responded With sound to every type of stimulation attempted..."(OCR didn't work)"

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Perhaps the most outstanding characteristic of the common sea robin’s sound is its vibrant drum-like quality analo- gous to the noise made by a wet finger drawn across the Surface of an inflated rubber balloon. The rhythmic outbursts of both local species P. carolinus and P. evolans, suggest the cackling and clucking of barn- yard fowl. In the case of the common sea robin, this Modulated squawking seems more staccato in character than that of its red- winged relative, P. evolans. Sometimes a Single deep cluck or squawk may be given, but more often the sound is repeated in a Series that lasts 10 to 15 seconds. The volume of the outburst is directly pro- portional to the degree of stimulation. Some tonal variation may be exhibited by a single Specimen, but the general sound pattern is SO constant in repeated experiments that the sound of one individual can be differentiated by ear from the sounds made by other sea robins. Undoubtedly Size is the major controlling factor, since vibrations are more or less inversely propor- tional to air bladder length;"

"Analyses of cackling Sounds produced spontaneously by over 59 common sea robins indicate an extreme frequency range of 40 to 2400 cycles, with most energy concentrated between 150 and 750 cps. In medium sized adults, the Principal frequency is usually 300 cycles, with pronounced harmonic components at 150, 459 and 600 cps (listed in order of magnitude), Measured pressure has reached 112.56 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydro- Phone. In the case of electrically induced Single clucks, the principal frequency is usually lower: Fig. 26 shows the average of two such sounds made by a 262 mm male. The strongly predominant 150 cps component is followed by many harmonic peaks."

"Stimulation io Sound Production. The common sea robin responded With sound to every type of stimulation attempted...' (OCR didn't work)

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Perhaps the most outstanding characteristic of the common sea robin’s sound is its vibrant drum-like quality analo- gous to the noise made by a wet finger drawn across the Surface of an inflated rubber balloon. The rhythmic outbursts of both local species P. carolinus and P. evolans, suggest the cackling and clucking of barn- yard fowl. In the case of the common sea robin, this Modulated squawking seems more staccato in character than that of its red- winged relative, P. evolans. Sometimes a Single deep cluck or squawk may be given, but more often the sound is repeated in a Series that lasts 10 to 15 seconds. The volume of the outburst is directly pro- portional to the degree of stimulation. Some tonal variation may be exhibited by a single Specimen, but the general sound pattern is SO constant in repeated experiments that the sound of one individual can be differentiated by ear from the sounds made by other sea robins. Undoubtedly Size is the major controlling factor, since vibrations are more or less inversely propor- tional to air bladder length;"

"Analyses of cackling Sounds produced spontaneously by over 59 common sea robins indicate an extreme frequency range of 40 to 2400 cycles, with most energy concentrated between 150 and 750 cps. In medium sized adults, the Principal frequency is usually 300 cycles, with pronounced harmonic components at 150, 459 and 600 cps (listed in order of magnitude), Measured pressure has reached 112.56 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydro- Phone. In the case of electrically induced Single clucks, the principal frequency is usually lower: Fig. 26 shows the average of two such sounds made by a 262 mm male. The strongly predominant 150 cps component is followed by many harmonic peaks."

"Stimulation io Sound Production. The common sea robin responded With sound to every type of stimulation attempted...' (OCR didn't work)

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Perhaps the most outstanding characteristic of the common sea robin’s sound is its vibrant drum-like quality analo- gous to the noise made by a wet finger drawn across the Surface of an inflated rubber balloon. The rhythmic outbursts of both local species P. carolinus and P. evolans, suggest the cackling and clucking of barn- yard fowl. In the case of the common sea robin, this Modulated squawking seems more staccato in character than that of its red- winged relative, P. evolans. Sometimes a Single deep cluck or squawk may be given, but more often the sound is repeated in a Series that lasts 10 to 15 seconds. The volume of the outburst is directly pro- portional to the degree of stimulation. Some tonal variation may be exhibited by a single Specimen, but the general sound pattern is SO constant in repeated experiments that the sound of one individual can be differentiated by ear from the sounds made by other sea robins. Undoubtedly Size is the major controlling factor, since vibrations are more or less inversely propor- tional to air bladder length;"

"Analyses of cackling Sounds produced spontaneously by over 59 common sea robins indicate an extreme frequency range of 40 to 2400 cycles, with most energy concentrated between 150 and 750 cps. In medium sized adults, the Principal frequency is usually 300 cycles, with pronounced harmonic components at 150, 459 and 600 cps (listed in order of magnitude), Measured pressure has reached 112.56 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet from the hydro- Phone. In the case of electrically induced Single clucks, the principal frequency is usually lower: Fig. 26 shows the average of two such sounds made by a 262 mm male. The strongly predominant 150 cps component is followed by many harmonic peaks."

"Stimulation io Sound Production. The common sea robin responded With sound to every type of stimulation attempted...' (OCR didn't work)

Full Description

"Ten threespine sticklebacks ((Casterosleus aculeatus Linnaeus) and three fourspine sticklebacks (Apeltes quadracus [Mitchill]) may have produced minor stridulatory sounds, but only accidental noises are recognizable in our recordings. We noted that the prominent dorsal and pelvic spines snapped up sharply when the fishes were startled, but in these small specimens no associated sound could be dis- tinguished."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Ten threespine sticklebacks ((Casterosleus aculeatus Linnaeus) and three fourspine sticklebacks (Apeltes quadracus [Mitchill]) may have produced minor stridulatory sounds, but only accidental noises are recognizable in our recordings. We noted that the prominent dorsal and pelvic spines snapped up sharply when the fishes were startled, but in these small specimens no associated sound could be dis- tinguished."

Observation Environment Quotes

"…similar mechanical sound in experimental aquaria."

Full Description

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Since the experiments with this species were conducted during cold weather when facilities were not available for prolonged captivity, our only records involve their response to various degrees of fear and annoyance. Rough handling in both air and water resulted in immediate sound production. Netted specimens hummed with increased volume when escape was offered and then thwarted. After an original burst due to aggravation, they avoided approaching objects by nervous swimming accompanied by low rumbling sound. Vibratory sound, likewise induced and sustained by moderate electric stimulation, was often repeated one or more times after the initial sound. However, under extreme duress, when either handled or shocked, specimens were apt to become quiet."OCR didn't work"

Observation Environment Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Since the experiments with this species were conducted during cold weather when facilities were not available for prolonged captivity, our only records involve their response to various degrees of fear and annoyance. Rough handling in both air and water resulted in immediate sound production. Netted specimens hummed with increased volume when escape was offered and then thwarted. After an original burst due to aggravation, they avoided approaching objects by nervous swimming accompanied by low rumbling sound. Vibratory sound, likewise induced and sustained by moderate electric stimulation, was often repeated one or more times after the initial sound. However, under extreme duress, when either handled or shocked, specimens were apt to become quiet."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Since the experiments with this species were conducted during cold weather when facilities were not available for prolonged captivity, our only records involve their response to various degrees of fear and annoyance. Rough handling in both air and water resulted in immediate sound production. Netted specimens hummed with increased volume when escape was offered and then thwarted. After an original burst due to aggravation, they avoided approaching objects by nervous swimming accompanied by low rumbling sound. Vibratory sound, likewise induced and sustained by moderate electric stimulation, was often repeated one or more times after the initial sound. However, under extreme duress, when either handled or shocked, specimens were apt to become quiet."

Sound Name Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Since the experiments with this species were conducted during cold weather when facilities were not available for prolonged captivity, our only records involve their response to various degrees of fear and annoyance. Rough handling in both air and water resulted in immediate sound production. Netted specimens hummed with increased volume when escape was offered and then thwarted. After an original burst due to aggravation, they avoided approaching objects by nervous swimming accompanied by low rumbling sound. Vibratory sound, likewise induced and sustained by moderate electric stimulation, was often repeated one or more times after the initial sound. However, under extreme duress, when either handled or shocked, specimens were apt to become quiet.' OCR didn't work

Full Description

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded."

Observation Environment Quotes

"None of the available Clupeidae lived well in captivity therefore the routine series of experiments were not completed. However, the following specimens were easily excited to frenzied swimming, and small accidental noises at the surface were recorded..."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Two kinds of sound were made by 10 gray squeteague which ranged between 230 and 560 mm in length: (1) deep croaks like drum beats, spread between 20 and 1200 cycles, with principal frequencies between 50 and 100 cycles for the larger speci- mens and in the region of 250 cycles for the smaller ones; and (2) some- times bursts of higher pitched clucking between 100 and 550 cycles, with maximum energy at about 325 cycles. Fig. 12 represents the average of 20 spontaneous croaks produced by a 352 mm male whose gonads were almost fully matured. Predominant frequencies are 225, 175 and 275, each with an evident second harmonic. , Fig. 13 gives the octave wave analysis of a natural croak made by a somewhat larger male (440 mm) after spawning. High amplitude in the 50-100 cps octave and a small harmonic at 150-300 cps with little higher components are shown consistently in the recordings of this specimen. The maximum over-all pressure measures 109.69 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"OCR didn't work. Reproduction -> After spawning thay made sounds.

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Two kinds of sound were made by 10 gray squeteague which ranged between 230 and 560 mm in length: (1) deep croaks like drum beats, spread between 20 and 1200 cycles, with principal frequencies between 50 and 100 cycles for the larger speci- mens and in the region of 250 cycles for the smaller ones; and (2) some- times bursts of higher pitched clucking between 100 and 550 cycles, with maximum energy at about 325 cycles. Fig. 12 represents the average of 20 spontaneous croaks produced by a 352 mm male whose gonads were almost fully matured. Predominant frequencies are 225, 175 and 275, each with an evident second harmonic. , Fig. 13 gives the octave wave analysis of a natural croak made by a somewhat larger male (440 mm) after spawning. High amplitude in the 50-100 cps octave and a small harmonic at 150-300 cps with little higher components are shown consistently in the recordings of this specimen. The maximum over-all pressure measures 109.69 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. The single weak knock of the silver hake re- sembles one of the more highly pitched air bladder sounds, Described as successive “‘hoots,” “raps,” and “banshee,’’ analyses show a strong resemblance between all of these sounds. The frequency range is 80 to 875 cycles, with the highest fundamental around 300. Fig. 30, which represents the average of five sounds produced by a 350 mm male, shows strongly predominant frequencies in the vicinity of 300 cycles, with a small second harmonic at 600. Scattered peaks at 175, 425, 475 and 650 cycles are of small amplitude and have no harmonic relation."

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Sound was induced only by mod- erate irritation, when specimens were handled under water or when slight pressure was applied to the gill region. None of the five silver hake available for experimentation were given electric stimulation, and none were held in captivity until they were sufficiently acclimated to feed or react normally."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The single weak knock of the silver hake re- sembles one of the more highly pitched air bladder sounds, Described as successive “‘hoots,” “raps,” and “banshee,’’ analyses show a strong resemblance between all of these sounds. The frequency range is 80 to 875 cycles, with the highest fundamental around 300. Fig. 30, which represents the average of five sounds produced by a 350 mm male, shows strongly predominant frequencies in the vicinity of 300 cycles, with a small second harmonic at 600. Scattered peaks at 175, 425, 475 and 650 cycles are of small amplitude and have no harmonic relation."

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Sound was induced only by mod- erate irritation, when specimens were handled under water or when slight pressure was applied to the gill region. None of the five silver hake available for experimentation were given electric stimulation, and none were held in captivity until they were sufficiently acclimated to feed or react normally."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The single weak knock of the silver hake re- sembles one of the more highly pitched air bladder sounds, Described as successive “‘hoots,” “raps,” and “banshee,’’ analyses show a strong resemblance between all of these sounds. The frequency range is 80 to 875 cycles, with the highest fundamental around 300. Fig. 30, which represents the average of five sounds produced by a 350 mm male, shows strongly predominant frequencies in the vicinity of 300 cycles, with a small second harmonic at 600. Scattered peaks at 175, 425, 475 and 650 cycles are of small amplitude and have no harmonic relation."

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Sound was induced only by mod- erate irritation, when specimens were handled under water or when slight pressure was applied to the gill region. None of the five silver hake available for experimentation were given electric stimulation, and none were held in captivity until they were sufficiently acclimated to feed or react normally."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. The single weak knock of the silver hake re- sembles one of the more highly pitched air bladder sounds, Described as successive “‘hoots,” “raps,” and “banshee,’’ analyses show a strong resemblance between all of these sounds. The frequency range is 80 to 875 cycles, with the highest fundamental around 300. Fig. 30, which represents the average of five sounds produced by a 350 mm male, shows strongly predominant frequencies in the vicinity of 300 cycles, with a small second harmonic at 600. Scattered peaks at 175, 425, 475 and 650 cycles are of small amplitude and have no harmonic relation."

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Sound was induced only by mod- erate irritation, when specimens were handled under water or when slight pressure was applied to the gill region. None of the five silver hake available for experimentation were given electric stimulation, and none were held in captivity until they were sufficiently acclimated to feed or react normally."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The 13 black rudderfish (Palinurichthys perciformis [Mitchill]) avail. able for study were juveniles under 15( mm; adults attain a length of at least 350 mm. Its soundmaking in captivity was purely mechan- ical. Itis feebly toothed except for horny hooked oesophageal proces- ses, and in this respect it resembles Poronotus triacanthus (p. 35). Only occasional noise of accidental origin was evident in experiments with the bladderless shark sucker (Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus), Twelve specimens were given the full series of experiments, with the exception of electric shock. Nothing but the noise of collision against the tank or the disturbance of gravelly bottom was detected during observation of the following flatfishes: five American plaice, (Hippoglossoides platessoides [Fab- ricius]), 23 summer flounders (Paralichthys dentatus [Linnaeus]), six winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus [Walbaum]), and two hog chokers (Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde). As noted in connection with Lophopselta aquosa (p. 96), electric stimulation of P. americanus and A. fasciatus gave negative results."

Full Description

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Only the sounds induced by electric stimulation were available for analysis."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Only the sounds induced by electric stimulation were available for analysis."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. Only the sounds induced by electric stimulation were available for analysis."

"A few times when the specimens were startled or when they were com- petitively feeding, similar deep barks were noted by observers, but in ...' (OCR didn't work)

Full Description

"Stimulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed were pro- duced by electrically stimulated males and females. Seven small cunners (up to 185 mm) were frequently tested in the laboratory. All responded to shock with almost identical “pups,” but no further biological sound was recorded in the laboratory. However, mechan- ical noise was often picked up over rocky bottoms in the Bay or along stone breakwalls where cunners were abundant. If biological sound occurred during their sometimes frantic competitive feeding, it was lost amid the general noisy background."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed were pro- duced by electrically stimulated males and females. Seven small cunners (up to 185 mm) were frequently tested in the laboratory. All responded to shock with almost identical “pups,” but no further biological sound was recorded in the laboratory. However, mechan- ical noise was often picked up over rocky bottoms in the Bay or along stone breakwalls where cunners were abundant. If biological sound occurred during their sometimes frantic competitive feeding, it was lost amid the general noisy background."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed were pro- duced by electrically stimulated males and females. Seven small cunners (up to 185 mm) were frequently tested in the laboratory. All responded to shock with almost identical “pups,” but no further biological sound was recorded in the laboratory. However, mechan- ical noise was often picked up over rocky bottoms in the Bay or along stone breakwalls where cunners were abundant. If biological sound occurred during their sometimes frantic competitive feeding, it was lost amid the general noisy background."

Sound Name Quotes

"Stimulation to Sound Production. The sounds analyzed were pro- duced by electrically stimulated males and females. Seven small cunners (up to 185 mm) were frequently tested in the laboratory. All responded to shock with almost identical “pups,” but no further biological sound was recorded in the laboratory. However, mechan- ical noise was often picked up over rocky bottoms in the Bay or along stone breakwalls where cunners were abundant. If biological sound occurred during their sometimes frantic competitive feeding, it was lost amid the general noisy background."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Male and female thread herrings, 1838 to 210 mm in length, produced hollow knocks of low intensity which were constant for each individual and which varied little between the five specimens tested. The frequency spread in every case extended from approxi- mately 50 to 1200 cycles. The analysis curves differ principally in pressure registered at 75 cps, which component is characteristic of air bladder sounds induced by electric stimulation; also, around 225 cps, all analyses show a second definite peak that falls quite abruptly there- after and disappears at 1200 cps. Tig. 2, obtained from the average of sounds produced by two individuals, shows predominant principal frequencies in octaves 50-100 cps (104.61 db) and 150-300 cps (99.3 db) with little higher harmonics. The over-all pressure determined here is 100.18 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydro- phone. Stimulation to Sound Production. The charted sounds were produced when thread herring were electrically stimulated."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Male and female thread herrings, 1838 to 210 mm in length, produced hollow knocks of low intensity which were constant for each individual and which varied little between the five specimens tested. The frequency spread in every case extended from approxi- mately 50 to 1200 cycles. The analysis curves differ principally in pressure registered at 75 cps, which component is characteristic of air bladder sounds induced by electric stimulation; also, around 225 cps, all analyses show a second definite peak that falls quite abruptly there- after and disappears at 1200 cps. Tig. 2, obtained from the average of sounds produced by two individuals, shows predominant principal frequencies in octaves 50-100 cps (104.61 db) and 150-300 cps (99.3 db) with little higher harmonics. The over-all pressure determined here is 100.18 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydro- phone. Stimulation to Sound Production. The charted sounds were produced when thread herring were electrically stimulated."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Male and female thread herrings, 1838 to 210 mm in length, produced hollow knocks of low intensity which were constant for each individual and which varied little between the five specimens tested. The frequency spread in every case extended from approxi- mately 50 to 1200 cycles. The analysis curves differ principally in pressure registered at 75 cps, which component is characteristic of air bladder sounds induced by electric stimulation; also, around 225 cps, all analyses show a second definite peak that falls quite abruptly there- after and disappears at 1200 cps. Tig. 2, obtained from the average of sounds produced by two individuals, shows predominant principal frequencies in octaves 50-100 cps (104.61 db) and 150-300 cps (99.3 db) with little higher harmonics. The over-all pressure determined here is 100.18 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydro- phone. Stimulation to Sound Production. The charted sounds were produced when thread herring were electrically stimulated."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Male and female thread herrings, 1838 to 210 mm in length, produced hollow knocks of low intensity which were constant for each individual and which varied little between the five specimens tested. The frequency spread in every case extended from approxi- mately 50 to 1200 cycles. The analysis curves differ principally in pressure registered at 75 cps, which component is characteristic of air bladder sounds induced by electric stimulation; also, around 225 cps, all analyses show a second definite peak that falls quite abruptly there- after and disappears at 1200 cps. Tig. 2, obtained from the average of sounds produced by two individuals, shows predominant principal frequencies in octaves 50-100 cps (104.61 db) and 150-300 cps (99.3 db) with little higher harmonics. The over-all pressure determined here is 100.18 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydro- phone. Stimulation to Sound Production. The charted sounds were produced when thread herring were electrically stimulated."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound have been consistently emitted by the toadfish: (1) a single coarse grunt or hoarse raucous growl and (2) a clear musical note or “boop” like the single blast of a boat whistle; both sounds last about one-half second, but the latter has a higher pitch. The analysis of a single grunt produced in cap- tivity by a 203 mm male (Fig. 28) is typical of these low frequency, harmonic sounds. The fundamental is 100 cycles, with decreasing energy peaks at 200, 300 and 400. Spontaneous grunts ranged be- tween 80 and 650 cycles, with maximum over-all Pressure up to 118.06 . db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet. When the sound was induced by electric shock, its range widened from below 50 to 1600 cycles, with over-all pressures usually under 106.02 db: in rare cases it went up to 107.96 db. In all types of stimulation, however, the principal frequency was predominantly in the 75-100 cps octave, with somewhat less energy in the 200-400 band. The consistency of the sound pattern was indicated by a series of nine toadfishes, males and females, which measured 174 to 245 mm: each specimen was segregated in a Separate tank between 16 July and 16 September 1951. Electrically induced sounds at the beginning and end of the experiment showed striking similarity of frequency patterns for each fish (see p. 108). Fig. 29 shows the analysis of a boat-whistle blast produced spon- taneously by the same toadfish whose sound was used in Fig, 28, It is close to a pure tone with strong fundamental frequency in a narrow band in the vicinity of 325 cps. A second harmonic near 625 cps measures approximately 15% of the principal, and a third at 950 cps measures only 7%. All analyzed sounds of this type were harmon- ically related, with no significant components between the harmonics."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"OCR didn't work

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound have been consistently emitted by the toadfish: (1) a single coarse grunt or hoarse raucous growl and (2) a clear musical note or “boop” like the single blast of a boat whistle; both sounds last about one-half second, but the latter has a higher pitch. The analysis of a single grunt produced in cap- tivity by a 203 mm male (Fig. 28) is typical of these low frequency, harmonic sounds. The fundamental is 100 cycles, with decreasing energy peaks at 200, 300 and 400. Spontaneous grunts ranged be- tween 80 and 650 cycles, with maximum over-all Pressure up to 118.06 . db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of two feet. When the sound was induced by electric shock, its range widened from below 50 to 1600 cycles, with over-all pressures usually under 106.02 db: in rare cases it went up to 107.96 db. In all types of stimulation, however, the principal frequency was predominantly in the 75-100 cps octave, with somewhat less energy in the 200-400 band. The consistency of the sound pattern was indicated by a series of nine toadfishes, males and females, which measured 174 to 245 mm: each specimen was segregated in a Separate tank between 16 July and 16 September 1951. Electrically induced sounds at the beginning and end of the experiment showed striking similarity of frequency patterns for each fish (see p. 108). Fig. 29 shows the analysis of a boat-whistle blast produced spon- taneously by the same toadfish whose sound was used in Fig, 28, It is close to a pure tone with strong fundamental frequency in a narrow band in the vicinity of 325 cps. A second harmonic near 625 cps measures approximately 15% of the principal, and a third at 950 cps measures only 7%. All analyzed sounds of this type were harmon- ically related, with no significant components between the harmonics."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The 13 black rudderfish (Palinurichthys perciformis [Mitchill]) avail. able for study were juveniles under 15( mm; adults attain a length of at least 350 mm. Its soundmaking in captivity was purely mechan- ical. Itis feebly toothed except for horny hooked oesophageal proces- ses, and in this respect it resembles Poronotus triacanthus (p. 35). Only occasional noise of accidental origin was evident in experiments with the bladderless shark sucker (Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus), Twelve specimens were given the full series of experiments, with the exception of electric shock. Nothing but the noise of collision against the tank or the disturbance of gravelly bottom was detected during observation of the following flatfishes: five American plaice, (Hippoglossoides platessoides [Fab- ricius]), 23 summer flounders (Paralichthys dentatus [Linnaeus]), six winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus [Walbaum]), and two hog chokers (Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde). As noted in connection with Lophopselta aquosa (p. 96), electric stimulation of P. americanus and A. fasciatus gave negative results."

Observation Environment Quotes

"…similar mechanical sound in experimental aquaria."

Full Description

"A sharp whining swish and low chirps or clicks were produced by small specimens. Frequencies ranged from below 50 to 800 cycles. The average of five sounds made by the largest available specimen, a 120 mm female with developing gonads (Fig.20), has predominant frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave, with small second harmonic content at 400-800. The fairly large 75-150 com- ponent is characteristic of most air bladder sounds induced by shock. The maximum over-all pressure indicated is 85.1 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. Although the six experimental specimens were small, all of them demonstrated their ability to chirp under conditions of alarm and duress. During capture, considerable clicking occurred in the air and continued under water after they were transferred to the test tank. Sudden motion of an object placed in an individual’s path, and even activity outside the glass, were sufficient later to induce low but audible clicks. Acclimation was immediate and specimens were soon eating ravenously. During competition for food the same low chirping and swishing was recorded. Because of their small size, the electric stimulator caused little physical effect and the resultant sound was of low amplitude."

Observation Environment Quotes

"A sharp whining swish and low chirps or clicks were produced by small specimens. Frequencies ranged from below 50 to 800 cycles. The average of five sounds made by the largest available specimen, a 120 mm female with developing gonads (Fig.20), has predominant frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave, with small second harmonic content at 400-800. The fairly large 75-150 com- ponent is characteristic of most air bladder sounds induced by shock. The maximum over-all pressure indicated is 85.1 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. Although the six experimental specimens were small, all of them demonstrated their ability to chirp under conditions of alarm and duress. During capture, considerable clicking occurred in the air and continued under water after they were transferred to the test tank. Sudden motion of an object placed in an individual’s path, and even activity outside the glass, were sufficient later to induce low but audible clicks. Acclimation was immediate and specimens were soon eating ravenously. During competition for food the same low chirping and swishing was recorded. Because of their small size, the electric stimulator caused little physical effect and the resultant sound was of low amplitude."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"A sharp whining swish and low chirps or clicks were produced by small specimens. Frequencies ranged from below 50 to 800 cycles. The average of five sounds made by the largest available specimen, a 120 mm female with developing gonads (Fig.20), has predominant frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave, with small second harmonic content at 400-800. The fairly large 75-150 com- ponent is characteristic of most air bladder sounds induced by shock. The maximum over-all pressure indicated is 85.1 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. Although the six experimental specimens were small, all of them demonstrated their ability to chirp under conditions of alarm and duress. During capture, considerable clicking occurred in the air and continued under water after they were transferred to the test tank. Sudden motion of an object placed in an individual’s path, and even activity outside the glass, were sufficient later to induce low but audible clicks. Acclimation was immediate and specimens were soon eating ravenously. During competition for food the same low chirping and swishing was recorded. Because of their small size, the electric stimulator caused little physical effect and the resultant sound was of low amplitude."

Sound Name Quotes

"A sharp whining swish and low chirps or clicks were produced by small specimens. Frequencies ranged from below 50 to 800 cycles. The average of five sounds made by the largest available specimen, a 120 mm female with developing gonads (Fig.20), has predominant frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave, with small second harmonic content at 400-800. The fairly large 75-150 com- ponent is characteristic of most air bladder sounds induced by shock. The maximum over-all pressure indicated is 85.1 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot from the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. Although the six experimental specimens were small, all of them demonstrated their ability to chirp under conditions of alarm and duress. During capture, considerable clicking occurred in the air and continued under water after they were transferred to the test tank. Sudden motion of an object placed in an individual’s path, and even activity outside the glass, were sufficient later to induce low but audible clicks. Acclimation was immediate and specimens were soon eating ravenously. During competition for food the same low chirping and swishing was recorded. Because of their small size, the electric stimulator caused little physical effect and the resultant sound was of low amplitude."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The 13 black rudderfish (Palinurichthys perciformis [Mitchill]) avail. able for study were juveniles under 15( mm; adults attain a length of at least 350 mm. Its soundmaking in captivity was purely mechan- ical. Itis feebly toothed except for horny hooked oesophageal proces- ses, and in this respect it resembles Poronotus triacanthus (p. 35). Only occasional noise of accidental origin was evident in experiments with the bladderless shark sucker (Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus), Twelve specimens were given the full series of experiments, with the exception of electric shock. Nothing but the noise of collision against the tank or the disturbance of gravelly bottom was detected during observation of the following flatfishes: five American plaice, (Hippoglossoides platessoides [Fab- ricius]), 23 summer flounders (Paralichthys dentatus [Linnaeus]), six winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus [Walbaum]), and two hog chokers (Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde). As noted in connection with Lophopselta aquosa (p. 96), electric stimulation of P. americanus and A. fasciatus gave negative results."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound characterize the blue runner recordings: (1) A low-pitched thump with a frequency spread from below 20 to over 800 cycles. The average of six such sounds produced by shocking a 7.75 mm specimen (Fig. 4) indicates that the pressure is concentrated in octaves 75-150 cps (characteristic of electric stimula- tion) and particularly in the 150-300 cps band, with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is small, 87.78 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot. More detailed analyses of seven similar croaks produced by alarm in another specimen (Fig. 5, broken line) have strong components at 250 and 350 cycles. The peak indicated at 40 cycles is thought to be of mechanical origin. (2) Loud rasps, sometimes prolonged, like the scraping of a rough file, with frequencies between 325 and 1110 and maximum pressure around 500 cycles (Fig. 5, solid line). Many peaks and fairly strong harmonics are typical."

"Figure 5. Spectra of two different sounds induced by alarming a second small blue runner. The broken line is an average obtained by harmonic wave analyses of seven sounds similar to those in Fig. 4; the solid line represents typical file-like rasping."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound characterize the blue runner recordings: (1) A low-pitched thump with a frequency spread from below 20 to over 800 cycles. The average of six such sounds produced by shocking a 7.75 mm specimen (Fig. 4) indicates that the pressure is concentrated in octaves 75-150 cps (characteristic of electric stimula- tion) and particularly in the 150-300 cps band, with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is small, 87.78 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot. More detailed analyses of seven similar croaks produced by alarm in another specimen (Fig. 5, broken line) have strong components at 250 and 350 cycles. The peak indicated at 40 cycles is thought to be of mechanical origin. (2) Loud rasps, sometimes prolonged, like the scraping of a rough file, with frequencies between 325 and 1110 and maximum pressure around 500 cycles (Fig. 5, solid line). Many peaks and fairly strong harmonics are typical."

"Figure 5. Spectra of two different sounds induced by alarming a second small blue runner. The broken line is an average obtained by harmonic wave analyses of seven sounds similar to those in Fig. 4; the solid line represents typical file-like rasping."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound characterize the blue runner recordings: (1) A low-pitched thump with a frequency spread from below 20 to over 800 cycles. The average of six such sounds produced by shocking a 7.75 mm specimen (Fig. 4) indicates that the pressure is concentrated in octaves 75-150 cps (characteristic of electric stimula- tion) and particularly in the 150-300 cps band, with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is small, 87.78 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot. More detailed analyses of seven similar croaks produced by alarm in another specimen (Fig. 5, broken line) have strong components at 250 and 350 cycles. The peak indicated at 40 cycles is thought to be of mechanical origin. (2) Loud rasps, sometimes prolonged, like the scraping of a rough file, with frequencies between 325 and 1110 and maximum pressure around 500 cycles (Fig. 5, solid line). Many peaks and fairly strong harmonics are typical."

"Figure 5. Spectra of two different sounds induced by alarming a second small blue runner. The broken line is an average obtained by harmonic wave analyses of seven sounds similar to those in Fig. 4; the solid line represents typical file-like rasping."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. Two types of sound characterize the blue runner recordings: (1) A low-pitched thump with a frequency spread from below 20 to over 800 cycles. The average of six such sounds produced by shocking a 7.75 mm specimen (Fig. 4) indicates that the pressure is concentrated in octaves 75-150 cps (characteristic of electric stimula- tion) and particularly in the 150-300 cps band, with little harmonic content. Over-all pressure is small, 87.78 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 at a distance of one foot. More detailed analyses of seven similar croaks produced by alarm in another specimen (Fig. 5, broken line) have strong components at 250 and 350 cycles. The peak indicated at 40 cycles is thought to be of mechanical origin. (2) Loud rasps, sometimes prolonged, like the scraping of a rough file, with frequencies between 325 and 1110 and maximum pressure around 500 cycles (Fig. 5, solid line). Many peaks and fairly strong harmonics are typical."

"Figure 5. Spectra of two different sounds induced by alarming a second small blue runner. The broken line is an average obtained by harmonic wave analyses of seven sounds similar to those in Fig. 4; the solid line represents typical file-like rasping."

Observation Environment Quotes

"…similar mechanical sound in experimental aquaria."

Observation Environment Quotes

"...were held in Bay enclosures for several days."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. ‘To the ear the burrfish’s toothy whine or rusty hinge-like creaking resembles the sound of the puffer, except that the bursts are composed of single rather than double scrapes, each of about one-half second duration. Analysis shows a wider frequency range, from below 50 to 4800 cycles, with greater energy in the low frequencies. The solid line of Fig. 24 gives the average of four in- dividual sounds produced by a 176 mm female during defensive in- flation. Octaves 150-300 and 200-400 cps are predominant, with a possible second harmonic around 400-800 and another stridulatory peak at 2400-4800 cps. When a specimen is electrically stimulated, a pronounced thump or knock often accompanies the sawing series. The broken line in Fig. 24 indicates one such sound included in the rasping burst of a 180 mm male. The large 75-150 cps component is followed by secondary maxima in the 2400-4800 and 400-800 cps octaves. Over-all pressure reaches 110.11 db over 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. As in studies of the puffer, rasping occurred in the laboratory only in conjunction with defensive swelling, but in this species complete inflation was not necessary for sound production. Newly captured fish were induced to swell and to rasp by continuous abdominal stroking; however, in later experiments the same specimens often began whining when first handled and only partially inflated. More extreme duress applied by electric shock usually resulted in a single deep thump and a simultaneous convulsive jump which was followed by a lengthy stridulatory burst and moderate swelling. The burrfish is a particularly noisy eater, but the data indicate that all recorded sounds may not be accidental."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. ‘To the ear the burrfish’s toothy whine or rusty hinge-like creaking resembles the sound of the puffer, except that the bursts are composed of single rather than double scrapes, each of about one-half second duration. Analysis shows a wider frequency range, from below 50 to 4800 cycles, with greater energy in the low frequencies. The solid line of Fig. 24 gives the average of four in- dividual sounds produced by a 176 mm female during defensive in- flation. Octaves 150-300 and 200-400 cps are predominant, with a possible second harmonic around 400-800 and another stridulatory peak at 2400-4800 cps. When a specimen is electrically stimulated, a pronounced thump or knock often accompanies the sawing series. The broken line in Fig. 24 indicates one such sound included in the rasping burst of a 180 mm male. The large 75-150 cps component is followed by secondary maxima in the 2400-4800 and 400-800 cps octaves. Over-all pressure reaches 110.11 db over 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. As in studies of the puffer, rasping occurred in the laboratory only in conjunction with defensive swelling, but in this species complete inflation was not necessary for sound production. Newly captured fish were induced to swell and to rasp by continuous abdominal stroking; however, in later experiments the same specimens often began whining when first handled and only partially inflated. More extreme duress applied by electric shock usually resulted in a single deep thump and a simultaneous convulsive jump which was followed by a lengthy stridulatory burst and moderate swelling. The burrfish is a particularly noisy eater, but the data indicate that all recorded sounds may not be accidental."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. ‘To the ear the burrfish’s toothy whine or rusty hinge-like creaking resembles the sound of the puffer, except that the bursts are composed of single rather than double scrapes, each of about one-half second duration. Analysis shows a wider frequency range, from below 50 to 4800 cycles, with greater energy in the low frequencies. The solid line of Fig. 24 gives the average of four in- dividual sounds produced by a 176 mm female during defensive in- flation. Octaves 150-300 and 200-400 cps are predominant, with a possible second harmonic around 400-800 and another stridulatory peak at 2400-4800 cps. When a specimen is electrically stimulated, a pronounced thump or knock often accompanies the sawing series. The broken line in Fig. 24 indicates one such sound included in the rasping burst of a 180 mm male. The large 75-150 cps component is followed by secondary maxima in the 2400-4800 and 400-800 cps octaves. Over-all pressure reaches 110.11 db over 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. As in studies of the puffer, rasping occurred in the laboratory only in conjunction with defensive swelling, but in this species complete inflation was not necessary for sound production. Newly captured fish were induced to swell and to rasp by continuous abdominal stroking; however, in later experiments the same specimens often began whining when first handled and only partially inflated. More extreme duress applied by electric shock usually resulted in a single deep thump and a simultaneous convulsive jump which was followed by a lengthy stridulatory burst and moderate swelling. The burrfish is a particularly noisy eater, but the data indicate that all recorded sounds may not be accidental. ' ...(OCR didn't work)

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. ‘To the ear the burrfish’s toothy whine or rusty hinge-like creaking resembles the sound of the puffer, except that the bursts are composed of single rather than double scrapes, each of about one-half second duration. Analysis shows a wider frequency range, from below 50 to 4800 cycles, with greater energy in the low frequencies. The solid line of Fig. 24 gives the average of four in- dividual sounds produced by a 176 mm female during defensive in- flation. Octaves 150-300 and 200-400 cps are predominant, with a possible second harmonic around 400-800 and another stridulatory peak at 2400-4800 cps. When a specimen is electrically stimulated, a pronounced thump or knock often accompanies the sawing series. The broken line in Fig. 24 indicates one such sound included in the rasping burst of a 180 mm male. The large 75-150 cps component is followed by secondary maxima in the 2400-4800 and 400-800 cps octaves. Over-all pressure reaches 110.11 db over 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. Stimulation to Sound Production. As in studies of the puffer, rasping occurred in the laboratory only in conjunction with defensive swelling, but in this species complete inflation was not necessary for sound production. Newly captured fish were induced to swell and to rasp by continuous abdominal stroking; however, in later experiments the same specimens often began whining when first handled and only partially inflated. More extreme duress applied by electric shock usually resulted in a single deep thump and a simultaneous convulsive jump which was followed by a lengthy stridulatory burst and moderate swelling. The burrfish is a particularly noisy eater, but the data indicate that all recorded sounds may not be accidental."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The 13 black rudderfish (Palinurichthys perciformis [Mitchill]) avail. able for study were juveniles under 15( mm; adults attain a length of at least 350 mm. Its soundmaking in captivity was purely mechan- ical. Itis feebly toothed except for horny hooked oesophageal proces- ses, and in this respect it resembles Poronotus triacanthus (p. 35). Only occasional noise of accidental origin was evident in experiments with the bladderless shark sucker (Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus), Twelve specimens were given the full series of experiments, with the exception of electric shock. Nothing but the noise of collision against the tank or the disturbance of gravelly bottom was detected during observation of the following flatfishes: five American plaice, (Hippoglossoides platessoides [Fab- ricius]), 23 summer flounders (Paralichthys dentatus [Linnaeus]), six winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus [Walbaum]), and two hog chokers (Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde). As noted in connection with Lophopselta aquosa (p. 96), electric stimulation of P. americanus and A. fasciatus gave negative results."

Full Description

"Recorded Sounds. ‘Thirteen specimens, 160 to 240 mm in length produced single knocks with a frequency spread of 25 to 1200 cycles, Frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave predominate, with a second large harmonic at 300-600 cps. Fig. 7, which represents the average of five sounds made by a 180 mm banded rudderfish, indicates the small over-all pressure of 89.32 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. The small 75-150 cps component characteristic of electrically stimulated sound is noted. There is a distinctive sharp quality to these sounds, quite different from the dull thumps of serranids and labrids. Stimulation to Sound Production. Only specimens under 180 mm were available for extended observation. Under ordinary conditions of swimming in captivity, these small fishes were silent and exhibited a tendency to produce sound only under extreme duress, occasionally when startled and consistently when shocked. Their habits of following along together below larger fishes and breaking formation to grasp small morsels of food scattered by the host were noted, but no soundmaking was detected during such activity."

Observation Environment Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. ‘Thirteen specimens, 160 to 240 mm in length produced single knocks with a frequency spread of 25 to 1200 cycles, Frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave predominate, with a second large harmonic at 300-600 cps. Fig. 7, which represents the average of five sounds made by a 180 mm banded rudderfish, indicates the small over-all pressure of 89.32 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. The small 75-150 cps component characteristic of electrically stimulated sound is noted. There is a distinctive sharp quality to these sounds, quite different from the dull thumps of serranids and labrids. Stimulation to Sound Production. Only specimens under 180 mm were available for extended observation. Under ordinary conditions of swimming in captivity, these small fishes were silent and exhibited a tendency to produce sound only under extreme duress, occasionally when startled and consistently when shocked. Their habits of following along together below larger fishes and breaking formation to grasp small morsels of food scattered by the host were noted, but no soundmaking was detected during such activity."

Behaviour Description Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. ‘Thirteen specimens, 160 to 240 mm in length produced single knocks with a frequency spread of 25 to 1200 cycles, Frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave predominate, with a second large harmonic at 300-600 cps. Fig. 7, which represents the average of five sounds made by a 180 mm banded rudderfish, indicates the small over-all pressure of 89.32 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. The small 75-150 cps component characteristic of electrically stimulated sound is noted. There is a distinctive sharp quality to these sounds, quite different from the dull thumps of serranids and labrids. Stimulation to Sound Production. Only specimens under 180 mm were available for extended observation. Under ordinary conditions of swimming in captivity, these small fishes were silent and exhibited a tendency to produce sound only under extreme duress, occasionally when startled and consistently when shocked. Their habits of following along together below larger fishes and breaking formation to grasp small morsels of food scattered by the host were noted, but no soundmaking was detected during such activity."

Sound Name Quotes

"Recorded Sounds. ‘Thirteen specimens, 160 to 240 mm in length produced single knocks with a frequency spread of 25 to 1200 cycles, Frequencies in the 150-300 cps octave predominate, with a second large harmonic at 300-600 cps. Fig. 7, which represents the average of five sounds made by a 180 mm banded rudderfish, indicates the small over-all pressure of 89.32 db above 0.0002 dyne/cm2 within two feet of the hydrophone. The small 75-150 cps component characteristic of electrically stimulated sound is noted. There is a distinctive sharp quality to these sounds, quite different from the dull thumps of serranids and labrids. Stimulation to Sound Production. Only specimens under 180 mm were available for extended observation. Under ordinary conditions of swimming in captivity, these small fishes were silent and exhibited a tendency to produce sound only under extreme duress, occasionally when startled and consistently when shocked. Their habits of following along together below larger fishes and breaking formation to grasp small morsels of food scattered by the host were noted, but no soundmaking was detected during such activity."

Observation Environment Quotes

"The 13 black rudderfish (Palinurichthys perciformis [Mitchill]) avail- able for study were juveniles under 15( mm; adults attain a length of at least 350 mm. Its soundmaking in captivity was purely mechan- ical. Itis feebly toothed except for horny hooked oesophageal proces- ses, and in this respect it resembles Poronotus triacanthus (p. 35). Only occasional noise of accidental origin was evident in experiments with the bladderless shark sucker (Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus), Twelve specimens were given the full series of experiments, with the exception of electric shock. Nothing but the noise of collision against the tank or the disturbance of gravelly bottom was detected during observation of the following flatfishes: five American plaice, (Hippoglossoides platessoides [Fab- ricius]), 23 summer flounders (Paralichthys dentatus [Linnaeus]), six winter flounders (Pseudopleuronectes americanus [Walbaum]), and two hog chokers (Achirus fasciatus Lacépéde). As noted in connection with Lophopselta aquosa (p. 96), electric stimulation of P. americanus and A. fasciatus gave negative results."